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Alzheimer's disease: a step closer to understanding type 3 diabetes in African Americans
Ferguson SA, Panos JJ, Sloper D, Varma V, Sarkar S.. Metabolic brain disease, 2021-05-22
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the most common cause of adult-onset dementia. Recent results suggest an increased prevalence and severity in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Our understanding of the potential mechanism(s) underlying this ethnicity difference is limited. We previously described ethnicity-related differences in levels of neurodegenerative proteins and cytokines/chemokines in the BA21 region of African Americans and Caucasians with AD. Here, similar multiplex assays were used to examine those endpoints in patient postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additionally, we measured levels of C-peptide, ghrelin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin using a human diabetes 10-plex assay. The cytokine and chemokine assays revealed that levels of 26 chemokines or cytokines differed significantly with ethnicity, and three of those were significantly associated with gender. The neurodegenerative disease panel indicated that levels of soluble RAGE were significantly elevated in African Americans compared to Caucasians. All measures in the diabetes disease panel assay were significantly elevated in African Americans: ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, and visfatin. Through peripheral sample analysis, these results provide further evidence that ethnicity is critically involved in the manifestation of AD.
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APA 7th
Ferguson, S. A., Panos, J. J., Sloper, D., Varma, V., & Sarkar, S. (2021). Alzheimer's disease: a step closer to understanding type 3 diabetes in African Americans. Metabolic brain disease. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00754-z
Vancouver
Ferguson SA, Panos JJ, Sloper D, Varma V, Sarkar S. Alzheimer's disease: a step closer to understanding type 3 diabetes in African Americans. Metabolic brain disease. 2021. doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00754-z. PMID: 34021875.
BibTeX
@article{ferguson2021-34021875,
author = {Ferguson, S. A. and Panos, J. J. and Sloper, D. and Varma, V. and Sarkar, S.},
title = {{Alzheimer's disease: a step closer to understanding type 3 diabetes in African Americans}},
journal = {Metabolic brain disease},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1007/s11011-021-00754-z},
pmid = {34021875},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00754-z}
}
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Key findings
- Recent results suggest an increased prevalence and severity in African Americans compared to Caucasians.
- The cytokine and chemokine assays revealed that levels of 26 chemokines or cytokines differed significantly with ethnicity, and three of those were significantly associated with gender.
- The neurodegenerative disease panel indicated that levels of soluble RAGE were significantly elevated in African Americans compared to Caucasians.
- All measures in the diabetes disease panel assay were significantly elevated in African Americans: ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, and visfatin.
- Through peripheral sample analysis, these results provide further evidence that ethnicity is critically involved in the manifestation of AD.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 40/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomized / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multicenter collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 23 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 40 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (Metabolic brain disease) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2021 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomized / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomization or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multicenter collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 34021875) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 23 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 23 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 40 out of 100. |
| Total | 40 / 100 | — |
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