Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Find studies

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Counseling and support lead to sustained benefits in reducing depressive symptoms in spouse-caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients and should be widely available to provide effective, evidence-based intervention for family caregivers. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Challenging the cholinergic system in mild cognitive impairment: a pharmacological fMRI study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 65 out of 100. NeuroImage 2004-12-01

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often represents an early form of Alzheimer disease (AD). 2 key findings →

Design: randomized controlled trial Participants: 28 Evidence: high

Educational support for general practitioners should concentrate on epidemiological knowledge, disclosure of the diagnosis and management of behaviour problems in dementia. 1 key finding →

Design: randomized controlled trial Evidence: high

The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 65 out of 100. JAMA 2004-11-01

These findings support the hypothesis that the metabolic syndrome contributes to cognitive impairment in elders, but primarily in those with high level of inflammation. 5 key findings →

Participants: 1,616 Evidence: low

An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 65 out of 100. The Lancet. Neurology 2004-06-01

The recent availability of longitudinal data on the possible association of different lifestyles with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) allow some preliminary conclusions on this topic. 4 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Evidence: moderate

Incidence and prevalence of dementia in the Cardiovascular Health Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004-02-01

Classification resulted in 227 persons with prevalent dementia at entry into the study and 480 incident cases during follow-up. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 227 Evidence: moderate

Effect of smoking on global cognitive function in nondemented elderly

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. Neurology 2004-03-01

Contrary to early case-control studies that suggested smoking protects against Alzheimer disease (AD), recent prospective studies have shown that elderly who smoke may be at increased risk for dementia. 4 key findings →

Design: case-control study Participants: 17,610 Evidence: moderate

Efficacy of flupirtine on cognitive function in patients with CJD: A double-blind study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. Neurology 2004-03-01

In cell culture experiments, flupirtine maleate (FLU), a triaminopyridine compound, was able to protect neuronal cells from apoptotic cell death induced by prion protein fragments and beta-amyloid peptides. 4 key findings →

Participants: 13 Evidence: high

Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: a meta-analysis

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. The American journal of psychiatry 2004-04-01

Although the effect of major depressive disorder on amygdala volume remains to be conclusively established, inclusion of the amygdala with the hippocampus appears to have decreased the likelihood of detecting volumetric differences in either structure. 4 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

Depression and vascular disease: what is the relationship?

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 64 out of 100. Journal of affective disorders 2004-04-01

We investigated the nature of the relationship between depression and vascular diseases by reviewing epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging and neuropathology studies which have reported on the relationship of depression to coronary artery disease, stroke disease, alterations in blood pressure, vascular dementia, diabetes mellitus and cholesterol levels and by reviewing potential mechanisms by which depression could be associated with vascular diseases. 2 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

Statin therapy and risk of dementia in the elderly: a community-based prospective cohort study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Neurology 2004-11-01

Employing time-dependent proportional hazards modeling, the authors found no significant association between statin use and incident dementia or probable AD. 2 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 312 Evidence: moderate

Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: an epidemiologic study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Neurology 2004-07-01

In this community-based sample, 3 to 4% of nondemented persons met MCI operational criteria; despite increased risk of progressing to dementia, a substantial proportion also remained stable or reverted to normal during follow-up. 3 key findings →

Participants: 1,248 Evidence: moderate

We conclude that patients with mild cognitive impairment and depression are at more than twice the risk of developing dementia of Alzheimer type as those without depression. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 114 Evidence: moderate

Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound‐B

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 63 out of 100. Annals of Neurology 2004-01-21

This report describes the first human study of a novel amyloid-imaging positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, termed Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB), in 16 patients with diagnosed mild AD and 9 controls. 3 key findings →

Participants: 16 Evidence: low

APOE-[epsilon]2 allele associated with higher prevalence of sporadic Parkinson disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 62 out of 100. Neurology 2004-06-01

Unlike Alzheimer disease, for which the APOE-epsilon4 allele increases the prevalence and the APOE-epsilon2 allele is protective, the authors' analysis shows the APOE-epsilon2 allele, but not the APOE-epsilon4 allele, to be positively associated with sporadic Parkinson disease. 3 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 27,380 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 27,380 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (60.6% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.6%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,032 records (3.8% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed