Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Find studies

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Our study is not subject to the biases of meta-analyses of published data, and it represents an important milestone in an ongoing collaborative effort to examine the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD and the brain's response to trauma. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Participants: 1,868 Evidence: high

Relative to control subjects, patients had significantly smaller HCVs (standardized mean difference = -0.32 [95% confidence interval, -0.44 to -0.19]). 5 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 2,702 Evidence: moderate

The negative association between depression treatment and incident dementia was significant in the increasing and chronically low courses, highlighting the necessity of timely interventional strategies before depression progresses to a chronically severe state. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort Participants: 354,313 Evidence: moderate

We demonstrate that using additional phenotype data previously collected by genetic studies to tackle phenotypic heterogeneity in MDD can successfully lead to the discovery of genetic risk factor despite reduced sample size. 5 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

We tested the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between systolic BP (SBP) and/or diastolic BP (DBP) and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 4 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Participants: 299,024 Evidence: high

Volume of the Human Hippocampus and Clinical Response Following Electroconvulsive Therapy

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2018-05-29

The number of ECT sessions and electrode placement impacts the extent and laterality of hippocampal enlargement, but volume change is not positively associated with clinical outcome. 4 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 281 Evidence: moderate

A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2010-08-08

These results strengthen the clinical evidence that AD is accompanied by an inflammatory response, particularly higher peripheral concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-12 and IL-18 and higher CSF concentrations of TGF-β. 5 key findings →

Participants: 680 Evidence: low

Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 contributed to the development of cognitive decline, which may be partly explained by brain amyloid accumulation indicative of increased AD risk. 1 key finding →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 31,573 Evidence: moderate

Sodium benzoate substantially improved cognitive and overall functions in patients with early-phase AD. 3 key findings →

Evidence: high

YKL-40: a novel prognostic fluid biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2010-11-01

These data demonstrate that YKL-40, a putative indicator of neuroinflammation, is elevated in AD and, together with Aβ42, has potential prognostic utility as a biomarker for preclinical AD. 3 key findings →

Participants: 47 Evidence: moderate

Elevated preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of C-reactive protein were associated with delirium, suggesting that a preinflammatory state and heightened inflammatory response to surgery are potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of delirium. 4 key findings →

Design: case-control study Participants: 566 Evidence: moderate

Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2001-03-01

Although numerous studies of the longitudinal course of schizophrenia have demonstrated the clinical deterioration that occurs predominantly in the early stages of the illness, the pathophysiology of this clinical phenomenon has not been established. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 107 Evidence: moderate

Allostatic-Interoceptive Overload in Frontotemporal Dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2022-02-24

These results suggest that bvFTD may be characterized by an allostatic-interoceptive overload manifested in ongoing electrophysiological markers, brain atrophy, functional networks, and cognition. 4 key findings →

Participants: 94 Evidence: low

Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Neurodegenerative Disorder

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 56 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2021-06-02

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly of greater severity (i.e., moderate to severe), has been identified as a risk factor for all-cause dementia and Parkinson's disease, with risk for specific dementia subtypes being more variable. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

ECT-induced neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala relates to improved clinical response and is pronounced in regions with prominent connections to ventromedial prefrontal cortex and other limbic structures. 2 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 43 Evidence: moderate

Segmented hippocampal volume in children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2005-09-30

Future longitudinal studies with trauma control subjects and neuropsychological measures are indicated to further elucidate the relationship between hippocampus and behavioral abnormalities in young PTSD subjects. 3 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Evidence: moderate

Four Distinct Subtypes of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Resting-State Connectivity Biomarkers

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Biological psychiatry 2022-06-26

Individuals with AD were clustered into 4 subtypes reproducibly, which included those with 1) diffuse and mild functional connectivity disruption (subtype 1), 2) predominantly decreased connectivity in the default mode network accompanied by an increase in the prefrontal circuit (subtype 2), 3) predominantly decreased connectivity in the anterior cingulate cortex accompanied by an increase in prefrontal cortex connectivity (subtype 3), and 4) predominantly decreased connectivity in the basal ganglia accompanied by an increase in prefrontal cortex connectivity (subtype 4). 3 key findings →

Participants: 809 Evidence: low

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 27,380 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 27,380 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (60.6% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.6%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,032 records (3.8% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed