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Research

28,180 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.

Find studies

Showing 276–300 of 2,174 studies in Risk factors (page 12 of 87) · 28,180 in the whole library · How the 0–100 score works

Download bibliography of the first 500 of these studies, in this order: BibTeX (.bib) · RIS (.ris)

Browse by subject, author or institution

Each number is how many studies that link shows, with your other filters kept.

Other subjects

Authors

Names as each record prints them; the same person can appear under two spellings.

Institutions

From OpenAlex; 13,658 studies have no institution on record and are not counted here.

What “Risk factors” covers

Risk factors — Conditions, exposures and habits linked to a higher or lower chance of dementia, and how strong each link is.

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Orexinergic system dysregulation, sleep impairment, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. JAMA neurology 2014-12-01

Patients with moderate to severe AD presented with higher mean (SD) orexin levels compared with controls (154.36 [28.16] vs 131.03 [26.55]; P Conclusions and relevance Our results demonstrate that, in AD, increased cerebrospinal fluid orexin levels are related to a parallel sleep deterioration, which appears to be associated with cognitive decline. 2 key findings →

Design: case-control study Participants: 48 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Homocysteine, silent brain infarcts, and white matter lesions: The Rotterdam Scan Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Annals of neurology 2002-03-01

Silent brain infarcts and white matter lesions are frequently seen on magnetic resonance imaging in healthy elderly people and both are associated with an increased risk of stroke and dementia. 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 1,077 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. The Lancet 2017-09-01

Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Neighborhood disadvantage and the incidence of dementia in US Black women

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-04-01

Age- and education-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for ADRD increased as neighborhood disadvantage increased, to 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.91) in the most disadvantaged quintile compared to the least disadvantaged quintile, with a significant linear trend (p = 0.012). 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 10,915 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

White matter hyperintensity spatial patterns: Risk factors and clinical correlates

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer s & Dementia 2025-04-01

WMHs in the frontoparietal and anterior periventricular region were associated with blood pressure traits, WMH genetic risk score (GRS), baseline and decline in general cognitive performance, incident all-cause dementia, and ischemic stroke. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 2,878 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Longitudinal association of apolipoprotein E and sleep with incident dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2021-09-03

During a median of 10.8 years follow-up, sleeping more or fewer than 7 hours was associated with a higher dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR] for 5 vs 7 hours: 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.64; HR for 9 vs 7 hours: 1.59; 95% CI 1.37-1.85) as was daytime napping (HR for often/all of the time vs never/rarely: 1.67; 95% CI 1.37-2.03). 4 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Alcohol consumption and sleep quality: a community-based study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Public health nutrition 2020-11-13

We observed a dose-response association between higher alcohol consumption in 2006 and worse sleep quality in 2012 (Ptrend < 0·001), after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, smoking status, physical activity, obesity, plasma lipid profiles, diabetes and hypertension. 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 905 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Discrepancy between self-reported and objective sleep duration among dementia caregivers and noncaregivers

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2022-08-01

Caregivers showed a greater discrepancy in sleep duration than did noncaregivers (-0.46 hour vs 0.22 hour, respectively; P = .003). 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 122 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Association of sleep duration with Alzheimer's disease and cognition

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2026-07

Sleep duration exhibited a U-shaped association with SPARE-AD (p = 0.001), Trail Making Tests A and B, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (all p < 0.001). 5 key findings →

Participants: 38,816 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Risk of dementia with hearing impairment and social isolation

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2024-05-16

The combined hearing impairment and isolation with lack of conversation (hazard ratio: 1.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.61) and non-hearing impairment and isolation with lack of conversation (hazard ratio: 1.60, 95% confidence: 1.07-2.39) were associated with the development of dementia. 3 key findings →

Participants: 2,745 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Audiometric Age-Related Hearing Loss and Cognition in the Hispanic Community Health Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2020-02-14

The mean age was 58.4 years (SD = 6.2). A 20-dB (equivalent to a one-category worsening) increase in HL was associated with a -1.53 (95% CI, -2.11, -0.94) raw score point difference in the DSST, adjusting for demographics, hearing aid use, and cardiovascular disease. 4 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 5,277 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Assessment of hearing and vision impairment in cohort studies collecting cognitive data in older adults

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2022-02-01

Investigators/staff from 85 (of 192 cohorts) responded; 6 (7%) excluded participants with severe impairment; 80 (94%) measured hearing and/or vision impairment, while 5 (6%) measured neither. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Cognitive Reserve Relationship with Physical Performance in Dementia-Free Older Adults: The MIND-China Study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports 2024-10-01

Greater educational attainment and mental activity were associated with higher composite SPPB scores and those of its three subtests (p < 0.05). 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 4,714 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Loneliness Increases the Risk of All-Cause Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences 2020-04-16

During the follow-up, 428 developed dementia; 221 had AD, 157 had VaD, and 50 had dementia of other subtypes. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Associations of social isolation and loneliness with neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders, brain structures and behavioural phenotypes among UK Biobank participants

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Nature communications 2026-04-28

Social isolation and loneliness are increasingly recognized as detrimental risk factors for brain health. 3 key findings →

Participants: 383,421 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Ambient fine particulate matter exposure and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 61 out of 100. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2021-04-26

Modeling estimated single-year exposure, each 1 μg/m3 higher ambient PM2.5 was associated with 67% higher adjusted risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.669, 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.298, 2.136) and 75% higher adjusted risk of incident MCI (HR = 1.746, 95% CI: 1.518, 2.032). 4 key findings →

Participants: 1,572 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 28,180 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 28,180 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (61.7% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.1%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,034 records (3.7% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed