Key Messages: Our results suggest that benzodiazepine use is significantly associated with dementia risk. 5 key findings →
Design: systematic review Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Research
30,980 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.
Buse, MD PhDDiabetes Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.B.B.), and the LEADER Publication Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators*Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M18-1569 SectionsSupplemental MaterialAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Background: Comorbidities and complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increase with age, making treatment of elderly persons with this condition challenging. 1 key finding →
Design: randomized controlled trial Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Liraglutide might slow down memory function decline in diabetic patients in early, and possibly preclinical stages of the disease. 2 key findings →
Participants: 20 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
These results indicate that the use of statins may benefit all AD patients with potentially greater therapeutic efficacy in those homozygous for ApoE4. 5 key findings →
Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
DeFronzo Metrics Cited ByDiscovery of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Marine Microorganisms: Optimization of Culture Conditions and Medium CompositionBurdock fructooligosaccharide as an α-glucosidase inhibitor and its antidiabetic effect on high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic miceThe antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Cyperus rotundus (Linn.)From Pharmacogenetics to Gene Expression: Implications for Precision Medicine in DiabetesA narrative review of current trends in liraglutide: insights into the unmet needs in management of type 2 diabetes and obesitySynthesis, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of novel hydroxytriazenes based on sulpha drugsRNA-Seq Analysis of the Liver Transcriptome Reveals the Networks Regulating Treatment of Sitagliptin Phosphate plus Fuzhujiangtang Granule in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty RatsEverestmab, a novel long-acting GLP-1/anti GLP-1R nanobody fusion protein, exerts potent anti-diabetic effectsSPION‐Decorated Exosome Delivered BAY55‐9837 Targeting the Pancreas through Magnetism to Improve the Blood GLC ResponseA novel self-sufficient biocatalyst based on transaminase and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate covalent co-immobilization and its application in continuous biosynthesis of sitagliptinShared Pathological Mechanisms Between Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative DiseasesEffects of Lifestyle Modification and Anti-diabetic Medicine on Prediabetes Progress: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisGlibenclamide Reduces Primary Human Monocyte Functions Against Tuberculosis Infection by Enhancing M2 PolarizationNaringin enhances reverse cholesterol transport in high fat/low streptozocin induced diabetic ratsA novel strategy to prepare the precursor peptide of liraglutideImpact of metformin on patients with advanced head and neck cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapyEffects of Different Doses of Metformin on Serum Fatty Acid Composition in Type 2 Diabetic RatsInsulin resistance and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes — The Maastricht studyDesign and synthesis of novel thiazolidine-2,4-diones as hypoglycemic agentsMetformin in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a Pilot Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical TrialMetformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysisGlibenclamide reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils of diabetes patients in response to bacterial infectionNa + /H
Design: systematic review Evidence: high
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Genetic variation in sulfonylurea targets was associated with a lower risk of AD, and future studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanistic pathways between sulfonylureas and AD. 5 key findings →
Participants: 326,885 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Effective interventions in diet, medications, biochemical exposures, psychological condition, pre-existing disease and lifestyle may decrease new incidence of AD. 4 key findings →
Design: systematic review Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Ankylosing spondylitis is associated with increased risk for vascular mortality. 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Participants: 473 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Continued lithium treatment was associated with reduction of the rate of dementia to the same level as that for the general population. 3 key findings →
Design: cohort study Participants: 16,238 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Overall, 214,442 matched individuals initiated GLP-1 RAs or DPP4i (109,731 women, mean age 58.6 years [SD 12], and mean HbA1c 7.7% [1.4]). 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), originally developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on the central nervous system, leading to reports of both beneficial and adverse mental health effects. 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
This mini-narrative review explores the relationship between diabetes and dementia, focusing on the potential mitigating role of metformin in reducing cognitive decline among individuals with type 2 diabetes. 1 key finding →
Design: longitudinal study Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
In the general population, the use of statins, but not of non-statin cholesterol-lowering drugs, was associated with a lower risk of AD compared with never use of cholesterol-lowering drugs. 5 key findings →
Design: cross-sectional Participants: 6,992 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
In this cohort study, statin therapy was not associated with a decreased risk of dementia. 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Participants: 2,798 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
The pooled trial included 88,381 participants who received prescriptions for GLP-1 agonists (n = 12,351), DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 43,850), or sulfonylureas (n = 32,216) at baseline and were followed for an average of 4.3 years. 5 key findings →
Participants: 12,351 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Mary Poppins famously asserted that "a spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down," but this bon mot is likely wrong in almost every way. 1 key finding →
Design: meta-analysis Participants: 74,148 Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text
Our two-sample MR analysis indicated that T2D is not associated with the risk of AD (OR: 1.03, CI: 0.99-1.08, P = 0.128). 5 key findings →
Participants: 455,017 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Use of metformin, DPP4 inhibitors, GLP1 analogs and SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with lower risk of dementia in patients with diabetes. 3 key findings →
Design: case-control study Participants: 250 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Promoting successful cognitive aging is a topic of major importance to individuals and the field of public health. 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Inherited lifetime exposure to higher SBP is associated with lower AD risk. 5 key findings →
Participants: 17,008 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Among 1,528,885 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 58 years; 49.2% women), GLP-1 receptor agonists plus metformin were associated with lower incidence of vascular dementia (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.37-0.57), mild cognitive disorder (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.95), and Alzheimer disease (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.70). 5 key findings →
Design: cohort study Participants: 1,528,885 Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text
However, several drugs prescribed for other conditions have been associated with reducing its risk. 5 key findings →
Participants: 7,794 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
We identified GLP-1 receptor agonist initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitors initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio [HR] ≤ 0.69 and P value < 0.001) and SGLT-2 inhibitor initiation compared to DPP-4 inhibitor initiation was associated with a reduced risk of AD (HR ≤ 0.67 and P value < 0.001). 5 key findings →
Evidence: high
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Alzheimer disease (AD) may develop after the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the risk of AD may depend on the antidiabetic drug administered. 2 key findings →
Participants: 85 Evidence: low
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Current long-term use of calcium channel blockers was associated with a significantly reduced risk of a Parkinson disease diagnosis, while the risk was not materially altered for users of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or beta-blockers and, with less statistical precision, for users of angiotensin II antagonists. 3 key findings →
Design: case-control study Evidence: moderate
Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source
Where “Free full text” comes from
Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read
How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped
This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.
- Journal tier up to 10 pts
- Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
- Study design up to 12 pts
- Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
- Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
- How recent up to 5 pts
- Sample size up to 4 pts
- Effect reported up to 3 pts
- Studied in people up to 3 pts
- Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
- Times cited up to 7 pts
- Citations per year up to 5 pts
- Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
- Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
- Still being cited up to 4 pts
- Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
- Institution's track record up to 3 pts
- Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
- Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
- Free to read up to 2 pts
Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.
Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.
We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.
The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.
See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 30,980 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.
What this library is — and isn't
This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 30,980 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (65.2% of the library) and OpenAlex (16.4%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.
1,042 records (3.4% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 967 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.
See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →
Newest studies, as a dated timeline → Atom feed Where this research is being discussed: events