Exploring the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Converging Insights from Alternative Hypothesis
Shalini Thakur, G. Venkateshwarlu, Priyanka Choudhary, Nikita Nikita, Vipan Kumar, Nandani Thakur. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 2026-05-22
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Alzheimer disease is characterized by gradual and progressive neurodegeneration caused by neuronal cell death. These pathological changes are accompanied by a loss of neurons, particularly cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the neocortex.Two prominent pathophysiological hypotheses have been neurotransmitter imbalance, and inflammatory mediators. 4.We also examine the epidemiology and risk factors- both modifiable and non-modifiable-including aging (e.g., APOE ε4, PSEN1, PSEN2, APP), sex differences, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and lifestyle elements. Recent advances in biomarkers such as CSF and plasma Aβ, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament, light chain (NfL), and GFAPare discussed for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. The review also details currently approved pharmacological treatment such as cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, glantamine) and NMDA receptor agonist (memantine), as well as novel approaches like anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agents. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of herbal medicines.
Cite this study APA, Vancouver, BibTeX · download .bib or .ris
APA 7th
Thakur, S., Venkateshwarlu, G., Choudhary, P., Nikita, N., Kumar, V., & Thakur, N. (2026). Exploring the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Converging Insights from Alternative Hypothesis. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.16.32s.128
Vancouver
Thakur S, Venkateshwarlu G, Choudhary P, Nikita N, Kumar V, Thakur N. Exploring the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Converging Insights from Alternative Hypothesis. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology. 2026. doi:10.25258/ijddt.16.32s.128.
BibTeX
@article{thakur2026-521df110,
author = {Thakur, Shalini and Venkateshwarlu, G. and Choudhary, Priyanka and Nikita, Nikita and Kumar, Vipan and Thakur, Nandani},
title = {{Exploring the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease in Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Converging Insights from Alternative Hypothesis}},
journal = {International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.25258/ijddt.16.32s.128},
url = {https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.16.32s.128}
}
Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
Key findings
- Alzheimer disease is characterized by gradual and progressive neurodegeneration caused by neuronal cell death.
- These pathological changes are accompanied by a loss of neurons, particularly cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the neocortex.Two prominent pathophysiological hypotheses have been neurotransmitter imbalance, and inflammatory mediators. 4.We also examine the epidemiology and risk factors- both modifiable and non-modifiable-including aging (e.g., APOE ε4, PSEN1, PSEN2, APP), sex differences, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and lifestyle elements.
- Recent advances in biomarkers such as CSF and plasma Aβ, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament, light chain (NfL), and GFAPare discussed for early diagnosis and disease monitoring.
- The review also details currently approved pharmacological treatment such as cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, glantamine) and NMDA receptor agonist (memantine), as well as novel approaches like anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agents.
- Additionally, the therapeutic potential of herbal medicines.
Why it matters
This review describes Alzheimer's disease as progressive neurodegeneration with loss of cholinergic neurons, and discusses hypotheses involving neurotransmitter imbalance and inflammatory mediators. It covers risk factors, biomarkers, and currently approved drugs such as cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, along with newer anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective approaches, but it reports no new treatment or cure.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 26/100
Published in a peer-reviewed journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on senior author's track record, so that was left out: it earned 25 of the 96 points we could judge it on, which is 26 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 7 / 10 | Tier 3 — peer-reviewed journal (International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology) |
| Journal's citation record | 0 / 4 | International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology: journal h-index 17 (OpenAlex, 2026-10-29) |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 5 / 5 | 2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | 0 / 7 | Cited 0 times (OpenAlex, 2026-10-10) |
| Citations per year | 0 / 5 | 0.0 citations a year over 2 year(s) since 2026 |
| Impact for its field and year | 0 / 6 | Cited 0.0× the average for papers of its field and year (OpenAlex FWCI) |
| Cited by studies here | 0 / 6 | No other study in this library cites it |
| Still being cited | 0 / 4 | Cited 0 times in 2024–2026 (2026 still in progress; OpenAlex) |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | OpenAlex's profile for last-listed author Nandani Thakur holds only 2 work(s), too few to judge a track record — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | 0 / 3 | CT Group Of Institutions: institution h-index 49 (OpenAlex) |
| Multi-centre collaboration | 1 / 3 | OpenAlex lists 2 institution(s) in 1 country |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 25 / 96 | Scored on 19 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 25 of the 96 points we could judge it on is 26 out of 100. |
| Total | 26 / 100 | — |
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