Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease
Martins IJ, Hone E, Foster JK, Sünram-Lea SI, Gnjec A, Fuller SJ, Nolan D, Gandy SE et al.. Molecular psychiatry, 2006-06-20
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
High fat diets and sedentary lifestyles are becoming major concerns for Western countries. They have led to a growing incidence of obesity, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and a condition known as the insulin-resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome. These health conditions are well known to develop along with, or be precursors to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Recent studies have found that most of these disorders can also be linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To complicate matters, possession of one or more apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOE epsilon4) alleles further increases the risk or severity of many of these conditions, including AD. ApoE has roles in cholesterol metabolism and Abeta clearance, both of which are thought to be significant in AD pathogenesis. The apparent inadequacies of ApoE epsilon4 in these roles may explain the increased risk of AD in subjects carrying one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles. This review describes some of the physiological and biochemical changes that the above conditions cause, and how they are related to the risk of AD. A diversity of topics is covered, including cholesterol metabolism, glucose regulation, diabetes, insulin, ApoE function, amyloid precursor protein metabolism, and in particular their relevance to AD. It can be seen that abnormal lipid, cholesterol and glucose metabolism are consistently indicated as central in the pathophysiology, and possibly the pathogenesis of AD. As diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early AD are becoming more reliable, and as evidence is accumulating that health conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are risk factors for AD, appropriate changes to diets and lifestyles will likely reduce AD risk, and also improve the prognosis for people already suffering from such conditions.
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APA 7th
Martins, I. J., Hone, E., Foster, J. K., Sünram-Lea, S. I., Gnjec, A., Fuller, S. J., et al. (2006). Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Molecular psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001854
Vancouver
Martins IJ, Hone E, Foster JK, Sünram-Lea SI, Gnjec A, Fuller SJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease. Molecular psychiatry. 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001854. PMID: 16786033.
BibTeX
@article{martins2006-16786033,
author = {Martins, I. J. and Hone, E. and Foster, J. K. and Sünram-Lea, S. I. and Gnjec, A. and Fuller, S. J. and Nolan, D. and Gandy, S. E. and others},
title = {{Apolipoprotein E, cholesterol metabolism, diabetes, and the convergence of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease}},
journal = {Molecular psychiatry},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1038/sj.mp.4001854},
pmid = {16786033},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001854}
}
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Key findings
- Recent studies have found that most of these disorders can also be linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
- ApoE has roles in cholesterol metabolism and Abeta clearance, both of which are thought to be significant in AD pathogenesis.
- The apparent inadequacies of ApoE epsilon4 in these roles may explain the increased risk of AD in subjects carrying one or more APOE epsilon4 alleles.
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Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 40/100
Published in a leading specialty journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 23 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 40 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 9 / 10 | Tier 2 — leading specialty journal (Molecular psychiatry) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 1 / 5 | 2006 — older than 20 years, still counted |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 16786033) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 23 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 23 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 40 out of 100. |
| Total | 40 / 100 | — |
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