Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Newest in this topic

  1. Molecular MRI of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease using a Folate-targeted Nanoprobe 2026-11-01
  2. Neuroinflammation is an early pathological process in a mouse model of prodromal Parkinsons disease 2026-10-30
  3. The TREM-receptor family interactome in the human brain 2026-10-29

Studies

384 studies carry this tag.

Date range

1986 to 2026

Top journals

  • bioRxiv 21
  • Journal of neuroinflammation 17
  • International journal of molecular sciences 13
  • Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 10
  • Glia 10

169 journals in all.

Newest first, then by address. Each study has a usefulness score out of 100 (rubric version 4.0); tap a score to see what makes it up. Tags were assigned automatically from each study's title and summary. The same studies as a filter in the library.

  1. Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2022-02-16 Inflammation and the immune system

    Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS).

  2. Variant TREM2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of molecular biology 2022-02-01 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for as much as three-quarters of cases globally with individuals in low- and middle-income countries being worst affected.

  3. Functional insight into LOAD-associated microglial response genes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Open biology 2022-01-26 Genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal and synaptic loss and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS).

  4. Inflammasome Signaling in the Aging Brain and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2022-01-23 Inflammation and the immune system

    Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes, members of the innate immune system, and their activation and regulation play an essential role in maintaining homeostatic conditions against exogenous and endogenous stimuli.

  5. The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Alzheimer's Disease Pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Frontiers in immunology 2022-01-06 Treatments

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder with an alarming increasing prevalence.

  6. Discovery of Small-Molecule CD33 Pre-mRNA Splicing Modulators

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. ACS medicinal chemistry letters 2022-01-04 Genetics

    CD33/Siglec 3 is a myeloid lineage cell surface receptor that is known to regulate microglia activity.

  7. Inflammasome activation in neurodegenerative diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Essays in biochemistry 2021-12-22 Inflammation and the immune system

    Approximately ten million people are diagnosed with dementia annually since they experience difficulties with memory and thinking skills.

  8. Complement System in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2021-12-20 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia characterized by problems with short-term memory, cognition, and difficulties with activities of daily living.

  9. Exercise plasma boosts memory and dampens brain inflammation via clusterin

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Nature 2021-12-08 Genetics

    Physical exercise is generally beneficial to all aspects of human and animal health, slowing cognitive ageing and neurodegeneration 1 .

  10. Targeting MicroRNA-485-3p Blocks Alzheimer's Disease Progression

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2021-12-04 Drug development

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of dementia characterized by progressive memory decline and cognitive dysfunction.

  11. CD4 + T cells contribute to neurodegeneration in Lewy body dementia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2021-10-14 Genetics

    Recent studies indicate that the adaptive immune system plays a role in Lewy body dementia (LBD).

  12. Cellular and molecular influencers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Recent concepts & roles

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Neurochemistry international 2021-10-14 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD), an extremely common neurodegenerative disorder of the older generation, is one of the leading causes of death globally.

  13. Donepezil Regulates LPS and Aβ-Stimulated Neuroinflammation through MAPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome/STAT3 Signaling

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2021-09-30 Inflammation and the immune system

    The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil and rivastigmine have been used as therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their effects on LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses and the underlying molecular pathways have not been studied in detail in vitro and in vivo.

  14. Reduced TREM2 activation in microglia of patients with Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. FEBS open bio 2021-09-28 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Loss-of-function variants of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  15. Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Frontiers in neuroscience 2021-09-24 Genetics

    Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris.

  16. Microglial TREM2 at the Intersection of Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry 2021-09-02 TREM2 and immune genetics

    As resident immune cells of the brain, microglia serve pivotal roles in regulating neuronal function under both physiological and pathological conditions, including aging and the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD).

  17. Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Cells 2021-08-28 Genetics

    Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined: ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic.

  18. Differential interaction with TREM2 modulates microglial uptake of modified Aβ species

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Glia 2021-08-24 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Rare coding variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) confer an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by the progressive accumulation of aggregated forms of amyloid β peptides (Aβ).

  19. BAD-mediated neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. iScience 2021-08-04 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease.

  20. Inflammation and Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Natural Products

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Mediators of inflammation 2021-07-31 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no clear causative event making the disease difficult to diagnose and treat.

  21. NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Cellular & molecular immunology 2021-07-28 Risk factors

    The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic multiprotein complex composed of the innate immune receptor protein NLRP3, adapter protein ASC, and inflammatory protease caspase-1 that responds to microbial infection, endogenous danger signals, and environmental stimuli.

  22. Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Long Road Ahead

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Molecular neurobiology 2021-07-18 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an increasing deterioration of memory, which is concomitant with additional cognitive deficits.

  23. Autophagy deficiency modulates microglial lipid homeostasis and aggravates tau pathology and spreading

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2021-07-06 Inflammation and the immune system

    The autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays a critical role in intracellular clearance and metabolic homeostasis.

  24. NLRP3 and Infections: β-Amyloid in Inflammasome beyond Neurodegeneration

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2021-06-29 Inflammation and the immune system

    Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced abnormal neuroinflammation is recognized as a major pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which results in memory impairment.

  25. Potential Repositioning of Anti-cancer EGFR Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Perspectives and Challenging Prospects

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Neuroscience 2021-06-15 Drug development

    Clinical trials of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have ended with disappointing results, with tremendous resources and time.

  26. The Unfolded Protein Response in Immune Cells as an Emerging Regulator of Neuroinflammation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 2021-06-11 Disease mechanisms

    Immune surveillance is an essential process that safeguards the homeostasis of a healthy brain.

  27. Acute systemic inflammation exacerbates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: IL-1β drives amplified responses in primed astrocytes and neuronal network dysfunction

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2021-06-03 Inflammation and the immune system

    Neuroinflammation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression.

  28. Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Nature communications 2021-05-21 Genetics

    The role of microglia cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well recognized, however their molecular and functional diversity remain unclear.

  29. TREM2 promotes natural killer cell development in CD3-CD122+NK1.1+ pNK cells

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. BMC immunology 2021-05-12 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Here, we demonstrated for the first time that CD3-CD122+NK1.1+ precursor NK (pNK) cells expressed TREM2 and their population increased in TREM2-overexpressing transgenic (TREM2-TG) mice compared with that in female C57BL/6 J wild type (WT) mice.

  30. Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in neurodegenerative dementias

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. The European journal of neuroscience 2021-04-26 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Neurodegeneration is a debilitating condition that causes nerve cell degeneration or death.

  31. TREM2 expression in the brain and biological fluids in prion diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Acta neuropathologica 2021-04-21 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an innate immune cell surface receptor that regulates microglial function and is involved in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases.

  32. Soluble α-synuclein-antibody complexes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in hiPSC-derived microglia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2021-04-13 Inflammation and the immune system

    Parkinson's disease is characterized by accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn).

  33. TREM2/PLCγ2 signalling in immune cells: function, structural insight, and potential therapeutic modulation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Molecular neurodegeneration 2021-04-06 TREM2 and immune genetics

    The central role of the resident innate immune cells of the brain (microglia) in neurodegeneration has become clear over the past few years largely through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and has rapidly become an active area of research.

  34. Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2) Interacts With Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) but Is Not Necessary for CSF1/CSF1R-Mediated Microglial Survival

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Frontiers in immunology 2021-03-25 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) are crucial molecules for microgliopathy, which is characterized by microglia dysfunction and has recently been proposed as the neuropathological hallmark of neurological disorders.

  35. Safety and efficacy of sargramostim (GM-CSF) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 60 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) 2021-03-24 Biomarkers

    The innate immune system is a viable target for therapeutic intervention in AD.

  36. Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Journal of neurochemistry 2021-03-17 Genetics

    There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses contributes to multiple brain pathologies.

  37. Neurodegenerative Disease and the NLRP3 Inflammasome

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Frontiers in pharmacology 2021-03-10 Inflammation and the immune system

    The prevalence of neurodegenerative disease has increased significantly in recent years, and with a rapidly aging global population, this trend is expected to continue.

  38. The sTREM2 Concentrations in the Blood: A Marker of Neurodegeneration?

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 2021-03-09 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Microglia performs a variety of functions during brain development designed to maintain brain homeostasis.

  39. CSF sTREM2 is elevated in a subset in GRN-related frontotemporal dementia

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Neurobiology of aging 2021-03-04 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Excessive microglial activation might be a central pathological process in GRN-related frontotemporal dementia (FTD-GRN).

  40. Gamma subunit of complement component 8 is a neuroinflammation inhibitor

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Brain : a journal of neurology 2021-03-03 Inflammation and the immune system

    The complement system is part of the innate immune system that comprises several small proteins activated by sequential cleavages.

  41. TREM2 Mediates Microglial Anti-Inflammatory Activations in Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons Learned from Transcriptomics

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Cells 2021-02-04 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the aged population.

  42. The influence of the R47H triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variant on microglial exosome profiles

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Brain communications 2021-02-03 TREM2 and immune genetics

    Variants in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene are linked with an increased risk of dementia, in particular the R47Hhet triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 variant is linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

  43. Mangiferin inhibited neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and suppressing NF-κB, NLRP3 pathway

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Chinese journal of natural medicines 2021-02 Inflammation and the immune system

    Inflammation plays important roles in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

  44. Decoding Mast Cell-Microglia Communication in Neurodegenerative Diseases

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. International journal of molecular sciences 2021-01-22 Inflammation and the immune system

    Microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in immune surveillance and maintenance of neuronal health.

  45. Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Nature 2021-01-20 Disease mechanisms

    Ageing is characterized by the development of persistent pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cancer and frailty 1-3 .

  46. Innate Immunity and Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. ASN neuro 2021 Inflammation and the immune system

    The innate immune system plays key roles in controlling Alzheimer's disease (AD), while secreting cytokines to eliminate pathogens and regulating brain homeostasis.

  47. Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Current Alzheimer research 2021 Genetics

    Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world.

  48. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on NLRP1 and NLRP3 Inflammasomes

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Current protein & peptide science 2021 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia worldwide.

  49. NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Starring Role in Amyloid-β- and Tau-Driven Pathological Events in Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2021 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease commonly diagnosed among the elderly population.

  50. The NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

    ✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2021 Inflammation and the immune system

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia.

From across this tag

8 of the 384 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 8. The same 8 appear here every time.

All topic tags with their study counts