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Causal Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and the Alzheimer's Phenome
Andrews SJ, Fulton-Howard B, O'Reilly P, Marcora E, Goate AM, collaborators of the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium.. Annals of neurology, 2020-10-15
Topic: Amyloid, tau and blood-test diagnosis
Objective The purpose of this study was to infer causal relationships between 22 previously reported risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the "AD phenome": AD, AD age of onset (AAOS), hippocampal volume, cortical surface area and thickness, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-β (Aβ 42 ), tau, and ptau 181 , and the neuropathological burden of neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and vascular brain injury (VBI). Methods Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for the 22 risk factors were computed in 26,431 AD cases/controls and the association with AD was evaluated using logistic regression. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to infer the causal effect of risk factors on the AD phenome. Results PRS for increased education and diastolic blood pressure were associated with reduced risk for AD. MR indicated that only education was causally associated with reduced risk of AD, delayed AAOS, and increased cortical surface area and thickness. Total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were causally associated with increased neuritic plaque burden, although the effects were driven by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the APOE locus. Diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure are causally associated with increased risk of VBI. Furthermore, total cholesterol was associated with decreased hippocampal volume; smoking initiation with decreased cortical thickness; type 2 diabetes with an earlier AAOS; and sleep duration with increased cortical thickness. Interpretation Our comprehensive examination of the genetic evidence for the causal relationships between previously reported risk factors in AD using PRS and MR supports a causal role for education, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking, and diabetes with the AD phenome. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:54-65.
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APA 7th
Andrews, S. J., Fulton-Howard, B., O'Reilly, P., Marcora, E., Goate, A. M., & collaborators of the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. (2021). Causal Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and the Alzheimer's Phenome. Annals of neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25918
Vancouver
Andrews SJ, Fulton-Howard B, O'Reilly P, Marcora E, Goate AM, collaborators of the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. Causal Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and the Alzheimer's Phenome. Annals of neurology. 2021. doi:10.1002/ana.25918. PMID: 32996171.
BibTeX
@article{andrews2021-32996171,
author = {Andrews, S. J. and Fulton-Howard, B. and O'Reilly, P. and Marcora, E. and Goate, A. M. and {collaborators of the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium}},
title = {{Causal Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and the Alzheimer's Phenome}},
journal = {Annals of neurology},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1002/ana.25918},
pmid = {32996171},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25918}
}
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Key findings
- Results PRS for increased education and diastolic blood pressure were associated with reduced risk for AD.
- MR indicated that only education was causally associated with reduced risk of AD, delayed AAOS, and increased cortical surface area and thickness.
- Total- and LDL-cholesterol levels were causally associated with increased neuritic plaque burden, although the effects were driven by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the APOE locus.
- Diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure are causally associated with increased risk of VBI.
- Furthermore, total cholesterol was associated with decreased hippocampal volume; smoking initiation with decreased cortical thickness; type 2 diabetes with an earlier AAOS; and sleep duration with increased cortical thickness.
Study details
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 43/100
Published in a leading specialty journal. Scored zero for study design, sample size, effect reported, studied in people and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on journal's citation record, times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 25 of the 58 points we could judge it on, which is 43 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 9 / 10 | Tier 2 — leading specialty journal (Annals of neurology) |
| Journal's citation record | — / 4 | No journal record from OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 10 / 10 | Peer-reviewed. Published as an article in a named peer-reviewed journal. |
| How recent | 3 / 5 | 2021 — within 6 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 0 / 3 | No effect size reported — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Not stated whether this was studied in people — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 2 / 2 | Indexed in PubMed (PMID 32996171) |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 25 / 58 | Scored on 11 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 25 of the 58 points we could judge it on is 43 out of 100. |
| Total | 43 / 100 | — |
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