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Bee Venom-Loaded Nanoliposomes as an Antioxidant and Erythroprotective Delivery Platform for In Vitro Controlled Release and Improved Gastrointestinal Stability
Balcázar-Vega PdJ, Villalpando-Vargas FV, Martínez-Beltrán PV, López-Pérez SJ, Gómez-Guzmán AIP, Guerrero-Aranda A, Vega-Ruiz B, Dumois-Petersen S et al.. Preprints.org, 2026-09-07
Topic: Gut, metabolism and diet
Bee venom (BV) contains bioactive peptides with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, yet its direct therapeutic use is limited by cytotoxicity, instability, and uncontrolled release. This study aimed to develop and evaluate bee venom-loaded nanoliposomes (BV-LN) as an innovative Antioxidant and erythroprotective delivery platform with controlled in vitro release and enhanced gastrointestinal stability for potential applications in neurodegenerative disease management. BV’s antioxidant activity, erythroprotective potential, hemocompatibility, and membrane-stabilizing capacity were systematically assessed, alongside assays for antihemolytic activity against AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis. BV-LN were synthesized via thin-film hydration and extensively characterized for encapsulation efficiency (84.43 ± 2.26%), water solubility (1.83 µg/mL), centrifugal stability (94.13 ± 3.53%), morphological integrity, and thermal/structural properties (XRD, DSC). Simulated digestion tests confirmed gradual peptide release under gastric and intestinal conditions. Results highlight BV’s strong antioxidant activity (≈70% DPPH inhibition) and marked erythroprotective effects, including >98% hemocompatibility at safe concentrations and significant membrane stabilization under heat and osmotic stress. Encapsulation in nanoliposomes slightly modulated immediate radical scavenging but enhanced safety by preventing excessive hemolysis and enabling controlled melittin release. The robust nanoliposomal structure, driven by peptide–phospholipid hydrophobic anchoring and cholesterol-mediated bilayer ordering, ensured stability under mechanical and digestive stress. This research is highly innovative as it pioneers BV encapsulation for neuroprotective nutraceutical applications, offering a safe, sustained-release platform that could mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, key drivers of disorders like epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. BV-LN demonstrate strong potential as next-generation carriers for functional foods or therapeutic formulations targeting neurodegenerative diseases, warranting further in vitro validation and translational studies.
Key findings
- Results highlight BV’s strong antioxidant activity (≈70% DPPH inhibition) and marked erythroprotective effects, including >98% hemocompatibility at safe concentrations and significant membrane stabilization under heat and osmotic stress.
Study details
- Effect size2.26%; 3.53%
- Evidence strengthLow
How this study scored 16/100
Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. It scored 24 on the same rubric, but non-peer-reviewed sources are capped at 16, so it shows as 16. Scored zero for study design, sample size and randomised / blinded because the record does not state it. We have no data on times cited, citations per year, impact for its field and year, cited by studies here, still being cited, senior author's track record, institution's track record and multi-centre collaboration, so those were left out: it earned 15 of the 62 points we could judge it on, which is 24 out of 100.
| Component | Points | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Journal tier | 2 / 10 | Tier 4 — not a peer-reviewed journal (Preprints.org) |
| Journal's citation record | 0 / 4 | Not a journal article, so the journal's record does not count |
| Study design | 0 / 12 | No study design recorded — scores zero, not guessed (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Strength of evidence | 1 / 5 | Rated “low” in our summary |
| Peer-review validation | 4 / 10 | Preprint — not yet peer-reviewed. Hosted on a preprint server. |
| How recent | 5 / 5 | 2026 — within 1 year(s) of the newest study here |
| Sample size | 0 / 4 | Participant count not stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Effect reported | 2 / 3 | Effect reported as a number, without an interval or test |
| Studied in people | 0 / 3 | Laboratory or animal study (title names “in vitro”) — scores zero |
| Randomised / blinded | 0 / 2 | No randomisation or blinding stated — scores zero (not stated in the record — scored 0) |
| Times cited | — / 7 | No citation count (not found in OpenAlex) — left out of this score |
| Citations per year | — / 5 | No citation count or no year — left out of this score |
| Impact for its field and year | — / 6 | No field-weighted citation impact (OpenAlex has none yet) — left out of this score |
| Cited by studies here | — / 6 | Not yet checked against this library's citation graph — left out of this score |
| Still being cited | — / 4 | No yearly citation counts — left out of this score |
| Senior author's track record | — / 4 | Senior author's record not available — left out of this score |
| Institution's track record | — / 3 | No institution listed in OpenAlex — left out of this score |
| Multi-centre collaboration | — / 3 | Institutions not listed — left out of this score |
| Indexed in PubMed | 1 / 2 | Not in PubMed, but has a DOI |
| Free to read | 0 / 2 | Behind a paywall — scores zero |
| Points | 15 / 62 | Scored on 12 of 20 parts. We have no data for the rest, so they are left out: 15 of the 62 points we could judge it on is 24 out of 100. |
| Total | 24 / 100 | Capped to 16 because this is not a peer-reviewed article. |
What each of these 20 components measures, and what this score is not →
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Built from the record alzhub holds for this paper, not looked up. Volume, issue and page numbers are not held in the record. The record's author list ends in “et al.”, so not every author is named. Check the citation against the original before you use it.
APA 7th
PdJ, B.-V., Villalpando-Vargas, F. V., Martínez-Beltrán, P. V., López-Pérez, S. J., Gómez-Guzmán, A. I. P., Guerrero-Aranda, A., et al. (2026). Bee Venom-Loaded Nanoliposomes as an Antioxidant and Erythroprotective Delivery Platform for In Vitro Controlled Release and Improved Gastrointestinal Stability. Preprints.org. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0424.v1
Vancouver
PdJ B.-V, Villalpando-Vargas FV, Martínez-Beltrán PV, López-Pérez SJ, Gómez-Guzmán AIP, Guerrero-Aranda A, et al. Bee Venom-Loaded Nanoliposomes as an Antioxidant and Erythroprotective Delivery Platform for In Vitro Controlled Release and Improved Gastrointestinal Stability. Preprints.org. 2026. doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0424.v1.
BibTeX
@article{pdj2026-efe515eb,
author = {PdJ, Balcázar-Vega and Villalpando-Vargas, F. V. and Martínez-Beltrán, P. V. and López-Pérez, S. J. and Gómez-Guzmán, A. I. P. and Guerrero-Aranda, A. and Vega-Ruiz, B. and Dumois-Petersen, S. and others},
title = {{Bee Venom-Loaded Nanoliposomes as an Antioxidant and Erythroprotective Delivery Platform for In Vitro Controlled Release and Improved Gastrointestinal Stability}},
journal = {Preprints.org},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.20944/preprints202609.0424.v1},
url = {https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202609.0424.v1}
}