Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Find studies

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

The term neuroenhancement refers to improvement in the cognitive, emotional and motivational functions of healthy individuals through, inter alia, the use of drugs. 2 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

14 studies were identified that matched inclusion criteria. 5 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

RECENT FINDINGS: Based on available epidemiological studies, two meta-analyses published in 2013 have underlined a protective effect of a greater MeDi adherence on cognitive health, including a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000-07-04

DeFronzo Metrics Cited ByDiscovery of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Marine Microorganisms: Optimization of Culture Conditions and Medium CompositionBurdock fructooligosaccharide as an α-glucosidase inhibitor and its antidiabetic effect on high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic miceThe antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of polyphenolic-rich extracts of Cyperus rotundus (Linn.)From Pharmacogenetics to Gene Expression: Implications for Precision Medicine in DiabetesA narrative review of current trends in liraglutide: insights into the unmet needs in management of type 2 diabetes and obesitySynthesis, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of novel hydroxytriazenes based on sulpha drugsRNA-Seq Analysis of the Liver Transcriptome Reveals the Networks Regulating Treatment of Sitagliptin Phosphate plus Fuzhujiangtang Granule in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty RatsEverestmab, a novel long-acting GLP-1/anti GLP-1R nanobody fusion protein, exerts potent anti-diabetic effectsSPION‐Decorated Exosome Delivered BAY55‐9837 Targeting the Pancreas through Magnetism to Improve the Blood GLC ResponseA novel self-sufficient biocatalyst based on transaminase and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate covalent co-immobilization and its application in continuous biosynthesis of sitagliptinShared Pathological Mechanisms Between Diabetes Mellitus and Neurodegenerative DiseasesEffects of Lifestyle Modification and Anti-diabetic Medicine on Prediabetes Progress: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisGlibenclamide Reduces Primary Human Monocyte Functions Against Tuberculosis Infection by Enhancing M2 PolarizationNaringin enhances reverse cholesterol transport in high fat/low streptozocin induced diabetic ratsA novel strategy to prepare the precursor peptide of liraglutideImpact of metformin on patients with advanced head and neck cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapyEffects of Different Doses of Metformin on Serum Fatty Acid Composition in Type 2 Diabetic RatsInsulin resistance and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes — The Maastricht studyDesign and synthesis of novel thiazolidine-2,4-diones as hypoglycemic agentsMetformin in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a Pilot Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical TrialMetformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysisGlibenclamide reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production by neutrophils of diabetes patients in response to bacterial infectionNa + /H

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

To identify whether platelet amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) ratio, phosphorylated-tau (P-tau) 231, P-tau181, and serine 396 and 404 (Ser396/404) phosphorylated tau are potential peripheral indicators for early Alzheimer's disease (AD). 4 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

This study underscores the substantial prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among informal carers of individuals with dementia. 3 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Participants: 11,134 Evidence: moderate

Compared with non-users, SGLT-2i, GLP-1RA, TZD and metformin were associated with the reduced risk of dementia in patients with T2D. SGLT-2i, and GLP-1RA may serve as the optimal choice to improve the cognitive prognosis in patients with T2D. 5 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Participants: 3,462,926 Evidence: moderate

8 studies examined the association of sedentary behaviour with cognitive function. 6 studies reported significant negative associations between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function. 8 different measures of sedentary behaviour and 13 different measures of cognitive function were used across all eight studies. 5 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

Metformin should continue to be used as a first line therapy for diabetes in patients at risk of developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease. 4 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids could have neuroprotective properties against dementia, which is becoming a major global public health issue. 1 key finding →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

Controversies persist about the associations of body mass index (BMI) with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

This meta-analysis suggests that hearing impairment is associated with cognitive problems. 5 key findings →

Design: systematic review Participants: 602 Evidence: high

Nineteen cross-sectional studies that investigated 19.734 community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults free of disability and dementia were included. 5 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

Broad consensus emerged on the protective role against dementia of leisure activities. 3 key findings →

Design: systematic review Participants: 26 Evidence: high

The MMSE is the most widely used cognitive test but its accuracy and clinical utility in diagnosing cognitive disorders is not fully known. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

Scope it has been suggested that overweight/obesity as a risk factor for incident dementia differs between mid-life and later life. 2 key findings →

Design: systematic review Evidence: high

EFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 65 out of 100. European journal of neurology 2010-10-01

A number of new recommendations and good practice points are made, namely in CSF, neuropsychology, neuroimaging and reviewing non-evidence based therapies. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

There are commonalities in the prevalence of problems across cancer and non-cancer patients, highlighting the need for palliative care to be provided irrespective of diagnosis. 2 key findings →

Design: systematic review Participants: 57 Evidence: high

We recommend focusing on cognitive enhancement strategies, assessment and management of BPSD, and carer education and support to delay nursing home placement. 2 key findings →

Design: meta-analysis Evidence: high

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 27,780 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 27,780 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (61.1% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.3%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,034 records (3.7% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed