alzhub.org
Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Research

27,380 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.

Find studies

Showing 1–23 of 23 studies by Calderón-Garcidueñas L · 27,380 in the whole library · How the 0–100 score works

Browse by subject, author or institution

Each number is how many studies that link shows, with your other filters kept.

Subjects

Other authors

Names as each record prints them; the same person can appear under two spellings.

Institutions

From OpenAlex; 12,859 studies have no institution on record and are not counted here.

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Toxicologic pathology 2008-02-01

Air pollution is a serious environmental problem. 2 key findings →

Participants: 12 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Mexico City normal weight children exposed to high concentrations of ambient PM2.5 show high blood leptin and endothelin-1, vitamin D deficiency, and food reward hormone dysregulation versus low pollution controls. Relevance for obesity and Alzheimer disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Environmental research 2015-06-01

Millions of Mexico, US and across the world children are overweight and obese. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Full text may need a subscription

Hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are evolving relentlessly in Metropolitan Mexico City infants, children and young adults. APOE4 carriers have higher suicide risk and higher odds of reaching NFT stage V at ≤ 40 years of age

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 41 out of 100. Environmental research 2018-03-26

Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone (O 3 ) above USEPA standards are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. 4 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Urban air pollution: influences on olfactory function and pathology in exposed children and young adults

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 2009-03-17

Mexico City (MC) residents are exposed to severe air pollution and exhibit olfactory bulb inflammation. 2 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Air Pollution, Ultrafine Particles, and Your Brain: Are Combustion Nanoparticle Emissions and Engineered Nanoparticles Causing Preventable Fatal Neurodegenerative Diseases and Common Neuropsychiatric Outcomes?

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Environmental science & technology 2022-02-22

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution damages the human brain. 2 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Early Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathology in urban children: Friend versus Foe responses--it is time to face the evidence

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. BioMed research international 2013-02-07

Chronic exposure to particulate matter air pollution is known to cause inflammation leading to respiratory- and cardiovascular-related sickness and death. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Reduced repressive epigenetic marks, increased DNA damage and Alzheimer's disease hallmarks in the brain of humans and mice exposed to particulate urban air pollution

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 40 out of 100. Environmental research 2020-02-04

Exposure to air pollutants is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). 4 key findings →

Participants: 13 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Combustion-Derived Nanoparticles in Key Brain Target Cells and Organelles in Young Urbanites: Culprit Hidden in Plain Sight in Alzheimer's Disease Development

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2017-01-01

Millions of children and young adults are exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone, associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Alzheimer's disease and alpha-synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulbs of infants, children, teens and adults ≤ 40 years in Metropolitan Mexico City. APOE4 carriers at higher risk of suicide accelerate their olfactory bulb pathology

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 38 out of 100. Environmental research 2018-06-20

There is growing evidence that air pollution is a risk factor for a number of neurodegenerative diseases, most notably Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD). 4 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Toxicologic pathology 2003-09-01

Acute, subchronic, or chronic exposures to particulate matter (PM) and pollutant gases affect people in urban areas and those exposed to fires, disasters, and wars. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Neuroinflammation, hyperphosphorylated tau, diffuse amyloid plaques, and down-regulation of the cellular prion protein in air pollution exposed children and young adults

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2012-01-01

Air pollution exposures have been linked to neuroinflammation and neuropathology. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Air pollution, a rising environmental risk factor for cognition, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: The clinical impact on children and beyond

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Revue neurologique 2015-12-21

Air pollution (indoors and outdoors) is a major issue in public health as epidemiological studies have highlighted its numerous detrimental health consequences (notably, respiratory and cardiovascular pathological conditions). 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Prefrontal white matter pathology in air pollution exposed Mexico City young urbanites and their potential impact on neurovascular unit dysfunction and the development of Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Environmental research 2016-01-30

Millions of urban children are chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants, i.e., fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone, associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. 4 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Pediatric respiratory and systemic effects of chronic air pollution exposure: nose, lung, heart, and brain pathology

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Toxicologic pathology 2007-01-01

Exposures to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants have been associated with respiratory tract inflammation, disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers, systemic inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain and systemic circulation of particulate matter. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Air pollution and children: neural and tight junction antibodies and combustion metals, the role of barrier breakdown and brain immunity in neurodegeneration

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2015-01-01

Millions of children are exposed to concentrations of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), above safety standards. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Highly Exposed PM2.5 Urbanites: The Risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in Young Mexico City Residents

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2016-09-01

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, while Mn toxicity induces parkinsonism. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Megacities air pollution problems: Mexico City Metropolitan Area critical issues on the central nervous system pediatric impact

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Environmental research 2014-12-23

The chronic health effects associated with sustained exposures to high concentrations of air pollutants are an important issue for millions of megacity residents and millions more living in smaller urban and rural areas. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Decreases in Short Term Memory, IQ, and Altered Brain Metabolic Ratios in Urban Apolipoprotein ε4 Children Exposed to Air Pollution

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 36 out of 100. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 2015-01-01

Children's urban air pollution exposures result in systemic and brain inflammation and the early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

↑ Change the filters

Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 27,380 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 27,380 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (60.6% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.6%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,032 records (3.8% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed