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Research

28,180 Alzheimer's and dementia studies in plain English, each scored out of 100.

Find studies

Showing 1–25 of 57 studies in Biomarkers published 2013 (page 1 of 3) · 28,180 in the whole library · How the 0–100 score works

Download bibliography of these 57 studies, in this order: BibTeX (.bib) · RIS (.ris)

Browse by subject, author or institution

Each number is how many studies that link shows, with your other filters kept.

Other subjects

Authors

Names as each record prints them; the same person can appear under two spellings.

Institutions

From OpenAlex; 13,658 studies have no institution on record and are not counted here.

What “Biomarkers” covers

Biomarkers — Measurable signals in blood, brain scans or spinal fluid that can indicate Alzheimer's changes.

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

The PSEN1, p.E318G variant increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease in APOE-ε4 carriers

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 69 out of 100. PLoS genetics 2013-08-22

The primary constituents of plaques (Aβ42/Aβ40) and neurofibrillary tangles (tau and phosphorylated forms of tau [ptau]) are the current leading diagnostic and prognostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD. 3 key findings →

Design: case-control study Participants: 5,161 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Increased neurofilament light chain blood levels in neurodegenerative neurological diseases

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 66 out of 100. PloS one 2013-09-20

We developed and validated a novel ECL based sandwich immunoassay for the NfL protein in serum (NfL(Umea47:3)); levels in ALS were more than 20-fold higher than in controls. 2 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 20 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: a report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer's Association

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 55 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2013-01-01

Positron emission tomography (PET) of brain amyloid b is a technology that is becoming more available, but its clinical utility in medical practice requires careful definition. 5 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Application of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association AD criteria to ADNI

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Neurology 2013-05-03

A large proportion of subjects with AD dementia in ADNI may be categorized more definitively as high-probability AD using the proposed biomarker scheme in the NIA-AA criteria. 4 key findings →

Participants: 211 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Neuroimaging predictors of brain amyloidosis in mild cognitive impairment

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Annals of neurology 2013-08-01

As one of the first attempts to use an imaging technique that does not require amyloid-specific radioligands for identification of individuals with brain amyloidosis, our findings could lead to development of multidisciplinary/multimodality brain amyloidosis biomarkers that are reliable, minimally invasive, and widely available. 3 key findings →

Participants: 62 Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Amyloid PET Imaging in Lewy body disorders

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2013-07-03

Lewy body (LB) disorders, including Parkinson disease (PD), Parkinson disease dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. 2 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Plasma amyloid beta measurements - a desired but elusive Alzheimer's disease biomarker

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 50 out of 100. Alzheimer's research & therapy 2013-03-08

Cerebrospinal fluid and positron emission tomography biomarkers accurately predict an underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology; however, they represent either invasive or expensive diagnostic tools. 1 key finding →

Design: cross-sectional Evidence: moderate

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

A phenotypic change but not proliferation underlies glial responses in Alzheimer disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 48 out of 100. The American journal of pathology 2013-04-18

Classical immunohistochemical studies in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain reveal prominent glial reactions, but whether this pathological feature is due primarily to cell proliferation or to a phenotypic change of existing resting cells remains controversial. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Update on appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET imaging: dementia experts, mild cognitive impairment, and education. Amyloid Imaging Task Force of the Alzheimer’s Association and Society for Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2013-07-01

Amyloid PET imaging is a novel diagnostic test that can detect in living humans one of the two defining pathologic lesions of Alzheimer disease, amyloid-β deposition in the brain. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Soluble amyloid precursor protein β as blood-based biomarker of Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 47 out of 100. Translational psychiatry 2013-02-19

The aim of this study was to explore concentrations differences of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) α and β in blood plasma in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitively healthy age-matched control subjects, as well as patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). 2 key findings →

Participants: 80 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Update on appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET imaging: dementia experts, mild cognitive impairment, and education

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 2013-06-10

Amyloid PET imaging is a novel diagnostic test that can detect in living humans one of the two defining pathologic lesions of Alzheimer disease, amyloid-β deposition in the brain. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

³H-deprenyl and ³H-PIB autoradiography show different laminar distributions of astroglia and fibrillar β-amyloid in Alzheimer brain

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Journal of neuroinflammation 2013-07-23

Astrocytosis shows a distinct regional pattern in AD brain compared to fibrillar Aβ, suggesting that different types of astrocytes may be associated with the pathophysiological processes in AD. 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Combination of plasma tumor necrosis factor receptors signaling proteins, beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E for the detection of Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 45 out of 100. Neuroscience letters 2013-03-15

Activation of inflammatory processes has been observed within the brain as well as periphery of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). 3 key findings →

Participants: 153 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease and subcortical axonal damage in 5,542 clinical samples

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Alzheimer's research & therapy 2013-10-14

The association between an AD-like signature using the established biomarkers Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau with increased levels of NFL provides in vivo evidence of an association between AD and subcortical axonal degeneration in this uniquely large dataset of CSF samples tested for dementia biomarkers. 2 key findings →

Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source Free full text

Cerebral and extracerebral cholesterol metabolism and CSF markers of Alzheimer's disease

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. Biochemical pharmacology 2013-01-03

The disturbances of the cholesterol synthesis and metabolism described in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be both a consequence of the neurodegenerative process and a contributor to the pathogenesis. 2 key findings →

Participants: 86 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in Chinese patients: a pilot study

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 43 out of 100. American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 2013-10-01

In view of the paucity of data on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in Chinese patients, we evaluated the validity of tau, phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau-181), amyloid β 42 (Aβ42), and Aβ40 proteins in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). 3 key findings →

Participants: 24 Evidence: low

Full summary, score breakdown and related studies → Original source

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 28,180 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 28,180 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (61.7% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.1%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,034 records (3.7% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed