Get help now — free helplines

You can call any of these for free. You do not need a diagnosis, an appointment, or a crisis to call — questions and plain exhaustion are reasons enough.

  • Alzheimer's Association 24/7 Helpline 800-272-3900 24 hours a day, 365 days a year Free, confidential support and information for people with dementia, caregivers, families and the public. Master's-level clinicians. Also Spanish.
  • 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 988 24/7 Call or text 988, or chat at 988lifeline.org. For anyone in emotional distress or a mental-health crisis, including caregivers.
  • Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) Helpline 866-232-8484 9:00 am - 9:00 pm ET, seven days a week Licensed social workers providing support, info and referrals. Also text message and web chat. Text: 646-586-5283

In a medical emergency, call 911. More numbers, and what each line does, on the help page.

Find studies

A note on reading research. One study is rarely the final word.

We try to note the size of a study, whether it was in humans or animals, and how early-stage the finding is. If a summary here doesn't make that clear, treat it with extra caution and check the original source.

A population of more than six million people worldwide at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are those with Down Syndrome (DS, caused by trisomy 21 (T21)), 70% of whom develop dementia during lifetime, caused by an extra copy of β-amyloid-(Aβ)-precursor-protein gene. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Adults with DS have a significantly increased brain concentration of myo-inositol, and this is associated with reduced cognitive ability. 5 key findings →

Design: case-control study Participants: 38 Evidence: moderate

Compared to controls, mean CSF NPTX2 levels were lower in DS at all AD stages; aDS (0.6-fold, adj.p 0.07). 2 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 49 Evidence: low

(1)H-MRS metabolites in adults with Down syndrome: Effects of dementia

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 53 out of 100. NeuroImage. Clinical 2016-06-02

To determine if proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) detect differences in dementia status in adults with Down syndrome (DS), we used (1)H-MRS to measure neuronal and glial metabolites in the posterior cingulate cortex in 22 adults with DS and in 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 22 Evidence: moderate

Epilepsy was associated with higher subsequent recording of dementia and mortality over 2 years. 4 key findings →

Design: cohort study Participants: 1,812 Evidence: moderate

Goal To examine dementia characteristics, age at onset and associated co-morbidities in persons with Down syndrome. 4 key findings →

Participants: 77 Evidence: low

This first evaluation of 18 F-MK6240 in DS demonstrates its suitability as a sensitive biomarker for Alzheimer's disease tau pathology. 2 key findings →

Evidence: moderate

These findings emphasize the necessity of tailoring mAb trials for DS, considering age-related AD characteristics. 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Evidence: low

Endocytosis is critical to the function and fate of molecules important to Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology, including the beta protein precursor (betaPP), amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). 3 key findings →

Evidence: low

A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: mechanistic insights from Down syndrome

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2015-08-05

Down syndrome, which arises in individuals carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21, is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer disease. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Frontiers in medicine 2018-03-12

Geroscience, the new interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between aging and chronic age-related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndromes (GSs), is based on epidemiological evidence and experimental data that aging is the major risk factor for such pathologies and assumes that aging and ARDs/GSs share a common set of basic biological mechanisms. 2 key findings →

Evidence: low

Mortality and cancer incidence among individuals with Down syndrome

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 52 out of 100. Archives of internal medicine 2003-03-01

Individuals with DS have a substantially increased risk of mortality due to specific causes and may have an elevated risk of other incident cancers in addition to leukemia. 4 key findings →

Participants: 22 Evidence: moderate

Metabolite Signature of Alzheimer's Disease in Adults with Down Syndrome

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Annals of neurology 2021-08-06

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects Alzheimer's disease related inflammation and neurodegeneration, and could be a good noninvasive disease-stage biomarker in Down syndrome. 3 key findings →

Participants: 118 Evidence: moderate

Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control body functions, memories, and emotions. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

Decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity in Huntington and Alzheimer brain

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Annals of neurology 1983-01-01

The activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) was reduced in affected areas of brain from patients with Huntington disease (caudate, putamen) and Alzheimer disease (frontal cortex) where choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was low. 1 key finding →

Evidence: low

We propose the following sequence of events in the development of neuropathologic changes of Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome: (1) intracellular accumulation of Abeta in neurons and astrocytes, (2) deposition of extracellular Abeta and formation of diffuse plaques, and (3) development of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles with activation of microglial cells. 1 key finding →

Participants: 14 Evidence: low

Longitudinal Dynamics of the Blood Proteome Within the Alzheimer Spectrum in Down Syndrome

✓ Peer-reviewed alzhub usefulness score 51 out of 100. Neurology 2026-09-01

In DS, longitudinal characterization of all previously identified proteins revealed distinct trajectories over time and an association of baseline levels with future cognitive decline. 5 key findings →

Design: cross-sectional Participants: 59 Evidence: moderate

The DABNI cohort included 1,135 participants with a mean age of 42.82 years (SD = 11.56), 46.3% of whom are female. 5 key findings →

Design: longitudinal study Participants: 1,135 Evidence: moderate

Patients with trisomy 21 [Down syndrome (DS)] progressively develop amyloid beta-protein (A beta) deposits and then other features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), apparently due to increased gene dosage and thus expression of the beta-amyloid precursor protein.

From across this tag

10 of the 527 studies in this tag, picked by a fixed rule (a hash of each study's address), not by score or date; each page of this list shows a different 10. The same 10 appear here every time.

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Where “Free full text” comes from

Free full text links and the Full text may need a subscription label come from Unpaywall, Europe PMC and OpenAlex records of free copies, checked 10 Oct 2026. A study with neither is unknown, not paywalled. Show only studies that are free to read

How the 0–100 score works — and why some entries are capped

This is alzhub's own score. It is not an official metric, not an impact factor, and no journal, publisher or ranking body endorses it. We built it so that a reader who is not a scientist can tell a landmark trial from a conference abstract without having to already know the difference. Every point comes from one of 20 components, all of them printed on the study itself, so you can disagree with our arithmetic rather than having to trust the total.

  • Journal tier up to 10 pts
  • Journal's citation record up to 4 pts
  • Study design up to 12 pts
  • Strength of evidence up to 5 pts
  • Peer-review validation up to 10 pts
  • How recent up to 5 pts
  • Sample size up to 4 pts
  • Effect reported up to 3 pts
  • Studied in people up to 3 pts
  • Randomised / blinded up to 2 pts
  • Times cited up to 7 pts
  • Citations per year up to 5 pts
  • Impact for its field and year up to 6 pts
  • Cited by studies here up to 6 pts
  • Still being cited up to 4 pts
  • Senior author's track record up to 4 pts
  • Institution's track record up to 3 pts
  • Multi-centre collaboration up to 3 pts
  • Indexed in PubMed up to 2 pts
  • Free to read up to 2 pts

Journals are placed in ordered tiers, never given a numeric impact factor — we could not verify current impact factors from a source we control, and an invented one would be worse than none. Tier 1 is the top-tier general journals (NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature, Science, Nature Medicine); tier 2 is the leading specialty journals; tier 3 is every other peer-reviewed journal. A separate part scores how much the journal's own papers are cited, which tells the tier-3 journals apart.

Two rules we don't bend. First, we never fill in a missing value: if a record does not state a sample size or a design, that component scores zero, and if we simply have no data for a part, such as a citation count, that part is left out and the study is scored on the parts we could check. The study card says which. Second, anything that is not a peer-reviewed article is capped at 16/100 and carries a warning chip — so a conference abstract or a company press release can never outrank a peer-reviewed paper, no matter how good it looks.

We rank a rigorous null result — a good trial showing that something does not work — above an early positive finding. Someone deciding whether to buy a supplement is served by that, and the rigour is already counted by the design and journal components.

The score is computed from the published data alone and is reproducible: the same file always yields the same numbers.

See the whole rubric drawn out → — four charts covering all 27,380 studies: how the scores are spread and where the cap bites, which of the 20 components the library is strong and weak on, which subjects rest on stronger evidence, and what kinds of study each subject is actually built from.

What this library is — and isn't

This is a large sample of the Alzheimer's literature, not an exhaustive index of it. It holds 27,380 records, built mostly from automated pulls of Europe PMC (60.6% of the library) and OpenAlex (18.6%), plus smaller pulls from PubMed, Crossref and medRxiv. If a study, a drug, or a finding isn't here, that is not evidence it doesn't exist in the literature — it may simply not have been pulled in yet.

1,032 records (3.8% of the library) are not peer-reviewed — 962 of those are preprints posted before any journal review, and the rest are conference abstracts, regulatory notices and reports. Every study card on this page states its status plainly, and the score above is capped for anything that isn't a peer-reviewed article.

See the full, machine-readable breakdown of this library's coverage →

Newest studies, as a dated timeline →    Atom feed