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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 6 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 6 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment No direction reported
why

A single-clinic safety series with no comparison group. It reports how often ARIA and infusion reactions happened in practice, which is useful, but it cannot estimate an effect of the drug in either direction.

 ARIA and infusion reactions in routine care cohort study 234 ARIA 22%; symptomatic ARIA 5.7% overall, 27% in mild dementia vs 1.8% in MCI/very mild dementia JAMA Neurology 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40354064
Antipsychotics (harms / discontinuation) Medicines Treatment Benefit
why

Direction is for STOPPING the antipsychotic: discontinuers were hospitalised less than matched continuers.

 Hospitalisation, pneumonia and urinary tract infection cohort study 4,222 All-cause hospitalisation HR 0.83 (95% CI 0.72-0.96); pneumonia hospitalisation HR 0.51 (0.29-0.90) Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42410659
Antipsychotics (harms / discontinuation) Medicines Treatment Benefit
why

Direction is for discontinuation: tapering after 12 weeks lowered the 24-month absolute risk of delirium and fracture versus continuing, with no difference in stroke, pneumonia or death. Results were similar for abrupt discontinuation and after 24 weeks.

 24-month risk of delirium, fracture, stroke, pneumonia and death after tapering or stopping antipsychotics versus continuing cohort study 24,822 Compared with continuation after 12 weeks of treatment, estimated risks of delirium and fracture under the tapering strategy corresponded to 24-month ARDs of -2·46% (95% CI -4·10 to -1·27) and -2·80% (-4·14 to -1·29), respectively. Estimated risks for stroke, pneumonia, and all-cause mortality were similar between strategies The lancet. Healthy longevity 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42302797
Antipsychotics (harms / discontinuation) Medicines Treatment Harm
why

Wider range of harms than regulatory alerts had flagged, with the highest risks soon after starting. No increase in ventricular arrhythmia.

 Stroke, pneumonia, venous thromboembolism, MI, heart failure, fracture, acute kidney injury cohort study 173,910 Pneumonia HR 2.19 (95% CI 2.10-2.28); stroke HR 1.61 (1.52-1.71); absolute 90-day pneumonia risk difference 2.99% BMJ 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38631737
Cholinesterase inhibitor / memantine Medicines Treatment Benefit
why

Observational: 80% of residents were on no anti-dementia drug, so who gets prescribed and who does not may itself track prognosis.

 All-cause mortality cohort study 25,358 Adjusted hazard ratios for mortality vs no anti-dementia drug: "HR: 0.826, 95%CI 0.769 to 0.888 for AChEI; 0.857, 95%CI 0.795 to 0.923 for memantine; 0.742, 95%CI 0.640 to 0.861 for AChEI plus memantine" Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38812028
Cholinesterase inhibitor / memantine Medicines Treatment Benefit
why

Cholinesterase inhibitors, not memantine: -0.39 MMSE points a year against -2.50 with no treatment. The mortality benefit held only in the first year. Registry data with weighting, not a trial.

 MMSE decline per year; mortality cohort study 1,095 MMSE change: -0.39 points/year (95% CI -0.96 to 0.18) with cholinesterase inhibitors vs -2.49 (-4.02 to -0.97) with memantine and -2.50 (-4.28 to -0.73) with non-use. Mortality in the first year after diagnosis: adjusted HR 0.66 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.94) Alzheimer's & Dementia 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39177108

How this table was built, and where it is weak →

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