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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 4 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 4 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Blood biomarkers (GFAP, NfL, p-tau181) for staging and prognosis Care, carers and services Treatment Mixed
why

The results point different ways: diagnostic confidence rose 1.43 points, but diagnosis changed in only 17.2% and management in 27.7%, below the 30% threshold the investigators set as clinically significant; a non-elevated result reduced amyloid PET use, and patients with elevated results had higher anxiety at 2-3 months.

 Change in clinician diagnostic confidence, diagnosis and management after plasma p-tau181 testing in a memory clinic, and patient wellbeing (SUITABLE) cohort study 100 Clinician diagnostic confidence averaged 1.43 points higher after p-tau181 testing (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.84, p < 0.0001). After testing, 27.7% (95% CI 18.9% to 36.4%, p = 0.31) of patients had a change in management and 17.2% of patients had a change in diagnosis - significantly lower than the 30% threshold (95% CI 9.5% to 24.9%, p = 0.004) Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42254757
Blood biomarkers (GFAP, NfL, p-tau217) for staging and prognosis Care, carers and services Treatment Mixed
why

The three markers pointed different ways: plasma p-tau217 distinguished amyloid/tau stages, GFAP tracked amyloid-driven tau progression, and NfL was only weakly linked to Alzheimer pathology and, in the authors' words, inadequate as a neuronal injury biomarker for AD.

 Discrimination of amyloid/tau stages, tau progression, hippocampal atrophy and cognitive decline cohort study 1,275 not established — pubmed abstract results reports no numeric estimate. the library had recorded "p-tau217 auc 0.959", which does not appear in the abstract and is not… Alzheimer's & Dementia 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41376134
Dementia screening / case finding Care, carers and services Treatment Mixed
why

MCI was diagnosed sooner (HR 1.21) but dementia diagnosis barely moved (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06). The outcome is detection, not health.

 Timeliness of first MCI and dementia diagnosis cohort study 549,516 MCI diagnosis HR 1.21 (95% CI 1.16-1.27); dementia diagnosis HR 1.04 (95% CI 1.02-1.06) after an Annual Wellness Visit JAMA Network Open 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39378037
Hospital admission after an emergency department visit Care, carers and services Treatment Mixed
why

Admission showed no evidence of an effect on 30-day mortality or subsequent inpatient days, but raised 30-day health care spending by $2547. An instrumental-variable estimate for marginal admissions.

 30- and 90-day mortality, inpatient days and health care spending after hospital admission versus discharge cohort study 872,085 There was no evidence that hospital admission was associated with 30-day mortality rate (adjusted risk difference, -2.6 percentage points [pp] [95% CI, -5.2 to 0.1 pp]) or inpatient days (adjusted difference, 0.1 days [CI, -0.2 to 0.5 days]). Hospital admission was associated with higher 30-day health care spending (adjusted difference, $2547 [CI, $1390 to $3703]) Annals of internal medicine 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42258826

How this table was built, and where it is weak →