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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 5 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 5 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. The estimated age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity predicted age at symptom onset (adjusted R2 0.337-0.612) with a median absolute error of 3.0-3.7 years, which the authors call acceptable for trials but not yet for individual clinical use.	Predicted age at onset of Alzheimer's symptoms from plasma %p-tau217 clock models	cohort study	603	The estimated age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity was associated with the age at onset of AD symptoms (adjusted R2 of 0.337-0.612) with a median absolute error of 3.0-3.7 years	Nature medicine 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41714746
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Stand-alone plasma p-tau217 gave 81% accuracy and 79% PPV; confirming positives with PET or CSF raised both to 91% while cutting PET scans needed to find 100 amyloid-positive people from 536 to 124. Immunoassays matched mass spectrometry on PPV but had lower accuracy.	Accuracy and positive predictive value for amyloid positivity (CSF or PET) in cognitively unimpaired people, stand-alone and in a two-step workflow	cross-sectional study	2,916	As a stand-alone test, plasma p-tau217 achieved a positive predictive value (PPV) of 79% (95% CI, 74-84) and an overall accuracy of 81% (95% CI, 80-82). In a 2-step workflow, the PPV and accuracy significantly increased to 91% (95% CI, 86-95). While this approach required screening of 677 individuals with plasma p-tau217 to identify 100 Aβ-positive individuals, compared to 536 participants when using PET alone, it reduced the need for PET testing to 124	JAMA Neurology 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40952756
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Combined plasma %p-tau217 and Aβ42/40 detected abnormal CSF amyloid status (AUC 0.949) and each predicted rising amyloid PET over time in people who started below the positivity threshold, replicated in two further cohorts; p-tau231 and GFAP added no clear independent value.	Prediction of subsequent brain amyloid accumulation (PET/CSF) in cognitively unimpaired people with subthreshold amyloid	cohort study	983	a combination of plasma %p-tau217 and Aβ42/40 showed better performance (area under the curve = 0.949; 95% CI, 0.929-0.970; P <.02) than individual biomarkers ... longitudinal Aβ-PET (%p-tau217: β = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48-0.87; Aβ42/40: β = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.51 to -0.15; %p-tau217 × Aβ42/40: β = -0.31; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.18; P < .001)	JAMA Neurology 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39068669
Blood biomarkers (GFAP, NfL, p-tau217) for staging and prognosis Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the blood test's prognostic performance: plasma p-tau217 predicted cognitive decline and progression to MCI as well as tau PET (R2 0.33 vs 0.34; HR 1.57 vs 1.61), and using the blood test first cut the number needed to screen for a trial by 94%. A prognostic-performance result, not a health outcome.	Prediction of future cognitive decline and progression to MCI: plasma p-tau217 head-to-head with tau PET	cohort study	1,474	plasma p-tau217 and medial temporal lobe tau-PET signal display similar associations with cognitive decline on a global cognitive composite test (R2PET = 0.34 versus R2plasma = 0.33, Pdifference = 0.653) and with progression to mild cognitive impairment (hazard ratio (HR)PET = 1.61 (1.48-1.76) versus HRplasma = 1.57 (1.43-1.72), Pdifference = 0.322) ... Sequential selection using plasma phosphorylated tau at threonine 217 (p-tau217) and then tau-PET reduced the number of participants required for a clinical trial by 94%, compared to a 76% reduction when using plasma p-tau217 alone	Nature Aging 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40155777
Cost-effectiveness of multidomain prevention programme Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for value for money: the intervention was modelled as dominant, saving JPY 452,826 per person and adding 0.08 QALYs over 35 years, with sensitivity analyses described as confirming robustness. A model extrapolating an 18-month trial.	Lifetime costs and QALYs of the J-MINT multidomain intervention versus usual care (35-year model)	modelling study	not stated	Over 35 years, J-MINT was projected to achieve cost savings of JPY 452,826 per person and a gain of 0.08 QALYs	The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41478834

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