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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 2 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 2 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Population burden (prevalence, incidence, lifetime risk) All modifiable factors together Prevention No direction reported
why

A lifetime-risk estimate (42% after age 55, higher in women, Black adults and APOE4 carriers) and a projection of new cases. It compares no exposure, so no direction is recorded.

 Lifetime risk of dementia from age 55, and projected annual US incident cases to 2060 cohort study 15,043 The lifetime risk of dementia after age 55 years was 42% (95% confidence interval: 41-43). Rates were substantially higher in women, Black adults and APOE ε4 carriers, with lifetime risks ranging from approximately 45% to 60% in these populations. The number of US adults who will develop dementia each year was projected to increase from approximately 514,000 in 2020 to approximately 1 million in 2060 Nature Medicine 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39806070
Rare protective or risk variant (APOE3 Christchurch, APOE R145C, RELN, FN1) Genes (not modifiable) Prevention No direction reported
why

Among 37 heterozygous carriers (ages 56.6-82.1) none had developed AD or MCI by the March 2022 data freeze and apolipoprotein B was lower than in non-carriers, but the authors say continued follow-up is necessary and no homozygotes were found, so protection could not be tested. No incidence comparison is reported, so no direction is recorded.

 Alzheimer's disease or MCI diagnoses and blood lipid biomarkers in heterozygous APOE Christchurch carriers cohort study 455,306 not established — research letter with no pubmed abstract; the full text at pmc10685495 reports carrier counts and p-values (apob p = 0.004; p = 0.036… Molecular Neurodegeneration 2023
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38017580

How this table was built, and where it is weak →