Every finding in the evidence table: 382 rows, filterable

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 4 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 4 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Delirium Injury, delirium and falls	Prevention	Harm why Direction is for delirium on admission: it raised the risk of incident dementia across the whole spectrum of long-term conditions, with the largest relative risk (3.38) in people without multiple long-term conditions.	Incident dementia after an emergency hospital admission, by number of long-term conditions	cohort study	23,558	The relative risk was highest in those without multiple LTCs (MLTCs; adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aHR] 3·38 [95% CI 2·46-4·63]) and decreased with an increasing number of LTCs	The lancet. Healthy longevity 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41911932
Delirium Injury, delirium and falls	Prevention	Harm why One of the largest effect sizes in this table (subdistribution HR 3.00), rising about 20% with each further episode. The authors argue for a causal reading.	Incident dementia and death over 5.25 years	cohort study	110,422	Incident dementia subdistribution HR 3.00 (95% CI 2.91-3.10) after delirium; +20% per additional episode	BMJ 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38537951
Falls Injury, delirium and falls	Prevention	Harm why Read with care: the authors' own reading is that a fall flags undetected dementia rather than causing it, and they recommend cognitive screening after a fall. A one-year window cannot separate cause from early sign.	New dementia diagnosis within 1 year of the injury	cohort study	2,453,655	Adjusted HR 1.21 (95% CI 1.20-1.21) for new dementia diagnosis within 1 year after a fall vs other injury	JAMA Network Open 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39348117
Traumatic brain injury Injury, delirium and falls	Prevention	Harm	Incident dementia over 9 years	cohort study	188,764	16% of veterans with TBI developed dementia vs 10% of those without TBI; adjusted HR 1.57 (95% CI 1.35-1.83)	Neurology 2014 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 24966406

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