Every row of the evidence table

A retraction notice. It withdraws the 2006 Nature paper on Aβ*56 over figures showing "signs of excessive manipulation, including splicing, duplication and the use of an eraser tool", and reports no effect estimate.

An investigative news feature reporting signs of image fabrication in papers on the Aβ*56 amyloid oligomer. It is not a study of an outcome and reports no effect estimate.

A perspective review of arguments for and against the amyloid hypothesis, concluding that amyloid-beta is likely necessary but not sufficient and acts early as a trigger of tau-mediated neurodegeneration. It reports no effect estimate.

Mechanistic multi-omic profiling of blood from three ARIA-positive patients and three matched controls on lecanemab. It describes a clonally expanded cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell signature and estimates no clinical effect.

A single-clinic safety series with no comparison group. It reports how often ARIA and infusion reactions happened in practice, which is useful, but it cannot estimate an effect of the drug in either direction.

A mechanistic tissue study describing which microglial states accompany amyloid removal (TREM2 and APOE upregulation correlating with antibody response and clearance; complement signalling contributing). It estimates no effect of immunisation on a clinical outcome.

Corporate announcement discontinuing a product and terminating its confirmatory trial. It reports no clinical outcome, so no direction exists to record.

A coverage determination. It sets the conditions under which Medicare pays and reports no effect estimate.

A descriptive transcriptional atlas: it maps expression changes, isoform usage, co-expression modules and disease subtypes in microglia from post-mortem brains and estimates no effect of an exposure.

A regulatory enforcement action, not a study. The SEC's order finds the reported Phase 2 biomarker data were manipulated by an unblinded consultant and its complaint alleges the full patient data "showed no measurable cognitive improvement in the patients' episodic memory"; it estimates no effect.

Retraction notices for five PLOS ONE papers by Wang and colleagues, two co-authored with a Cassava Sciences employee. They withdraw the papers over blot-image integrity and estimate no effect.

A feasibility trial in 29 residents: designed to test whether the trial can be run, not powered for efficacy, and it reports no efficacy estimate.

A mechanism study: it shows Arc packages tau into extracellular vesicles and that cell-to-cell tau transmission is almost absent in Arc knockout mice, with Arc levels correlating with phosphorylated tau in human AD brain vesicles. It tests no intervention and estimates no effect on an outcome.

A model-building and screening study: it identifies over 500 genetic modifiers of tau propagation (including VPS29 and the UFMylation cascade) and shows UFMylation inhibition suppresses seeded propagation in vitro and in vivo. It estimates no effect on a clinical outcome.