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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 2 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 2 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Depression Sleep, mood and social life Prevention No effect
why

Midlife depressive symptoms did not raise dementia risk (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95-1.54), even when chronic. The association closer to diagnosis is read by the authors as depression being a prodromal feature, not a cause.

 Incident dementia over 28 years cohort study 10,189 Depressive symptoms at the 2003 ("late-life") assessment: HR 1.72 (95% CI 1.21-2.44) for dementia; chronic/recurring symptoms in the late phase: HR 1.67 (95% CI 1.11-2.49); early-life (1985) depressive symptoms not significant: HR 1.21 (95% CI 0.95-1.54) JAMA Psychiatry 2017
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 28514478
Music therapy Sleep, mood and social life Treatment No effect
why

Neither choir singing nor group music therapy beat standard care. Country was the strongest predictor of the differences between sites.

 MADRS depressive symptoms at 6 months randomised trial 1,021 MADRS β 0.4 (95% CI -1.3 to 2.1) for choir singing; β 0.8 (95% CI -1.0 to 2.6) for group music therapy; neither significant The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41380710

How this table was built, and where it is weak →