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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 15 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 15 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Anti-tau therapy Medicines	Treatment	No effect why Co-primary endpoints were not met at 52 weeks. The comparator was a low dose of the same drug rather than placebo, which the authors say masked any separation; they report separation in the MCI subgroup only at 78 and 104 weeks.	ADAS-cog11 and ADCS-ADL23 at 52 weeks (co-primary)	phase 3 trial	598	"It was not possible to demonstrate significant differences on the co-primary clinical endpoints (ADAS-cog11 and ADCS-ADL23) at 52 weeks due to symptomatic activity in the control arm." In MCI, ADAS-cog13 differences between early- and delayed-start HMTM 16 mg/day reached p=0.0291 at 78 weeks and p=0.0308 at 104 weeks; NfL progression fell (p=0.0291) and tau pathology (p-tau217) fell (p=0.0165) in MCI	The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41570392
Anti-tau therapy Medicines	Treatment	No effect why The primary endpoint was not met: the low dose showed no clinically meaningful benefit and the 3 mg dose showed 32% greater progression than placebo, with more serious adverse events. Less whole-brain volume loss on MRI is a surrogate finding.	iADRS disease-progression ratio at 100 weeks (primary); tau PET, brain volume, adverse events	phase 2 trial	327	The disease progression ratio relative to placebo was 0.84 (95% credible interval [CrI], 0.66-1.04) for the ceperognastat 0.75 mg group and 1.32 (CrI, 1.10-1.58) for the ceperognastat 3 mg group, corresponding to 16% less and 32% greater progression, respectively. No benefits were demonstrated for secondary clinical end points	JAMA 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42441396
Anti-tau therapy Medicines	Treatment	No effect why The primary clinical endpoint (CDR-SB) was not met in the overall population. The tau figures are a biomarker outcome, not a clinical one.	CDR-SB (primary); tau PET accumulation	phase 2 trial	466	"Slowed the rate of tau accumulation versus placebo in key brain regions by 33%-58%" overall and "by 63%-67%" in the low-tau or APOE4 non-carrier subgroup; "In the overall study population, no beneficial effect of low- or high-dose bepranemab compared with placebo was observed on the primary endpoint"; ADAS-Cog14 decline slowed 21-25%	UCB press release (data presented at CTAD 2024) 2024 ⚠ Press release — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-tau therapy Medicines	Treatment	No effect why ADAS-Cog11 showed slower decline, but the co-primary functional endpoint (ADCS-ADL) did not differ and the authors classify the study as negative.	ADCS-ADL and ADAS-Cog11 (co-primary) at week 49	phase 2 trial	272	"At week 49, the semorinemab arm demonstrated a 42.2% reduction (-2.89 points, 95% CI -4.56 to -1.21, p = 0.0008) in decline on the ADAS-Cog11 (coprimary endpoint) relative to the placebo arm"; ADCS-ADL difference -0.83 points (95% CI -3.39 to 1.72, p = 0.52), with no difference on MMSE or CDR-SB	Neurology 2023 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 37643887
Cannabinoid (THC/CBD) for agitation in severe dementia Medicines	Treatment	No effect why No difference from placebo on the primary agitation outcome or other main behavioural outcomes. As-needed psychotropic use was lower during the active period, and no serious drug-related adverse events occurred.	Agitation on the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (primary); as-needed psychotropic use; safety	randomised trial	25	not established — pubmed abstract results: "no significant difference was observed between active treatment and placebo for the cmai and other main behavioural…	Age and ageing 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42613673
GLP-1 receptor agonist Medicines	Prevention	No effect why The authors state the data are compatible with anything from a 39% decrease to a 5% increase in risk, against DPP-4 inhibitors rather than no treatment.	Incident dementia at 30 months	cohort study	7,254	Dementia RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.61-1.05) at 30 months; risk difference -0.93 percentage points (95% CI -2.33 to 0.23)	Annals of Internal Medicine 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40690769
GLP-1 receptor agonist Medicines	Prevention	No effect why For GLP-1 receptor agonists specifically: HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.87-1.04) against DPP4 inhibitors in the intention-to-treat analysis. Only the continuous-use analysis reached significance (HR 0.79).	Incident dementia	cohort study	not stated	SGLT2i vs DPP4i HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.79-0.94); GLP1-RA vs DPP4i HR 0.95 (0.87-1.04)	Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41420258
GLP-1 receptor agonist Medicines	Treatment	No effect	CDR-SB	phase 3 trial	3,808	EVOKE difference -0.08 (95% CI -0.35 to 0.20); EVOKE+ difference 0.10 (95% CI -0.17 to 0.38)	The Lancet 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41865758
GLP-1 receptor agonist Medicines	Treatment	No effect why Primary outcome null. One secondary cognitive measure (ADAS-Exec) favoured liraglutide on an unadjusted test; ADCS-ADL and CDR-SB did not.	Cerebral glucose metabolic rate at 52 weeks (primary)	phase 2 trial	204	Cerebral glucose metabolism difference -0.17 (95% CI -0.39 to 0.06, p=0.14); CDR-SB -0.06 (95% CI -0.57 to 0.44)	Nature Medicine 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41326666
Hormone therapy Medicines	Prevention	No effect	MCI or dementia	meta-analysis	1,016,055	No evidence that MHT use either increases or decreases the risk of dementia in post-menopausal women (10 studies, 1,016,055 participants; certainty of evidence moderate to very low)	The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41448220
Metformin / antidiabetic Medicines	Prevention	No effect why Designed around new diabetes diagnoses with a landmark analysis and a one-year lag, which removes the prevalent-user advantage that inflates metformin's apparent benefit in the pooled cohorts.	Incident dementia	cohort study	34,700	Adjusted HR 1.05 (95% CI 0.96-1.15), no association	Journal of Internal Medicine 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 37747779
Other investigational drug Medicines	Treatment	No effect why The trial did not meet its primary endpoint at any of three doses despite sustained target engagement (lower CSF soluble TREM2, higher osteopontin); the most frequent adverse events were MRI changes resembling ARIA.	Change from baseline in CDR-SB at week 96 versus placebo (primary endpoint) with the TREM2 agonist antibody AL002	phase 2 trial	381	least squares mean difference versus placebo (95% confidence interval) at week 96: 15 mg kg-1 -0.31 (-1.61 to 0.98), 40 mg kg-1 0.13 (-1.18 to 1.43) and 60 mg kg-1 -0.17 (-1.49 to 1.15); P > 0.05 from mixed-effects model for repeated measures	Nature Medicine 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41787076
Other investigational drug Medicines	Treatment	No effect	ADAS-Cog12 and ADCS-ADL (co-primary) at week 52	phase 3 trial	804	ADAS-COG12 change from baseline to week 52: 2.8 (SE 0.36) simufilam vs 3.2 (0.36) placebo, difference -0.39 (0.50), P=0.43. ADCS-ADL: -3.3 (0.44) vs -3.8 (0.44), difference 0.51 (0.61), P=0.40	GlobeNewswire (company press release); trial registered as NCT04994483 2024 ⚠ Press release — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Psychotropics for agitation / psychosis Medicines	Treatment	No effect why Not effective, and drug-related QT prolongation was observed. The randomised sample was smaller than planned.	Clinically significant improvement in agitation at 12 weeks	phase 3 trial	173	Risk difference for clinically significant improvement 0.08 (95% CI -0.21 to 0.06)	Nature Medicine 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40133524
Statins / lipid-lowering Medicines	Prevention	No effect why After the first year the data rule out more than a 3% change either way. Diagnoses were 46% higher in the first year, which the authors attribute to people being seen more often just after starting a statin. This sits against the Chicago cohort, which found benefit in APOE4 carriers.	Incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementias	cohort study	322,358	HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.99-1.01) for dementia after the first year of statin initiation	Neurology 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40577672

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