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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 7 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 7 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment Harm
why

The review's subject is the harm itself: brain swelling and microbleeds caused by the drugs.

 ARIA incidence and severity systematic review not stated "ARIA-E and ARIA-H occurred in 12.6% and 17.3% of participants on lecanemab, respectively" (CLARITY-AD); "ARIA-E and ARIA-H occurred in 24% and 31% of participants on donanemab, respectively" (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ-2); APOE e4 homozygotes "may have ~2.5 to 5 times greater risk for incident ARIA-E and for ARIA-H" Alzheimer's & Dementia 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42015334
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment Harm
why

Against placebo: ARIA-E 24.4% vs 1.9%. Risk tracks APOE4 status and baseline imaging.

 ARIA-E and ARIA-H incidence phase 3 trial 3,030 ARIA-E 24.4% vs 1.9% placebo; symptomatic ARIA-E 5.8%; serious ARIA-E 1.5% JAMA Neurology 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40063015
Anticholinergic / benzodiazepine burden Medicines Treatment Harm 180-day mortality case-control study 139,103 180-day mortality HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.38-1.44) for benzodiazepines; HR 1.16 (95% CI 1.12-1.20) for antipsychotics JAMA Network Open 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41085983
Antipsychotics (harms / discontinuation) Medicines Treatment Harm 180-day mortality case-control study 139,103 180-day mortality HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.38-1.44) for benzodiazepines; HR 1.16 (95% CI 1.12-1.20) for antipsychotics JAMA Network Open 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41085983
Antipsychotics (harms / discontinuation) Medicines Treatment Harm
why

Wider range of harms than regulatory alerts had flagged, with the highest risks soon after starting. No increase in ventricular arrhythmia.

 Stroke, pneumonia, venous thromboembolism, MI, heart failure, fracture, acute kidney injury cohort study 173,910 Pneumonia HR 2.19 (95% CI 2.10-2.28); stroke HR 1.61 (1.52-1.71); absolute 90-day pneumonia risk difference 2.99% BMJ 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38631737
Antiviral (valacyclovir) for HSV-seropositive Alzheimer's Medicines Treatment Harm
why

Direction is for valacyclovir: cognition worsened more on the drug than on placebo on the primary outcome (between-group difference 3.93 ADAS-Cog points, P = .01); function, amyloid PET and tau PET did not differ. The authors conclude it is not recommended.

 ADAS-Cog change at 78 weeks (primary); ADCS-ADL, amyloid PET and tau PET phase 2 trial 120 At 78 weeks, the LSM change in the 11-item ADAS-Cognitive Subscale score was 10.86 (95% CI, 8.80 to 12.91) in the valacyclovir group vs 6.92 (95% CI, 4.88 to 8.97) in the placebo group, indicating greater cognitive worsening with valacyclovir than placebo (between-group difference, 3.93 [95% CI, 1.03 to 6.83]; P = .01). The LSM change in the ADCS-ADL Scale score at 78 weeks was -13.78 (95% CI, -17.00 to -10.56) in the valacyclovir group vs -10.16 (95% CI, -13.37 to -6.96) in the placebo group (between-group difference, -3.62 [95% CI, -8.16 to 0.93]) JAMA 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41405855
Tau propagation mechanism (preclinical target rationale) Medicines Treatment Harm
why

Direction is for tau seeding activity: substantial hippocampal and neocortical seeding was present even without overt neocortical tangles and predicted region-specific cognitive performance and longitudinal decline; seeding and modification profiles tracked neuritic plaque density and separated AD from PART.

 Tau seeding activity and post-translational modifications in hippocampus and neocortex of Braak-matched AD neuropathologic change versus primary age-related tauopathy, and relation to cognition None 38 not established — pubmed abstract reports no numeric effect size. Nature Communications 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39984462

How this table was built, and where it is weak →