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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 2 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 2 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Modifiable risk factors combined All modifiable factors together Prevention Harm
why

Direction is for carrying the risk factors: the Commission attributes 45% of cases to 14 modifiable factors, which is the same number read the other way as prevention potential. The Commission's own caveat is that "some associations might be only partly causal".

 Population attributable fraction of dementia systematic review not stated "estimated that the PAF for all 14 risk factors was 45.3%" (Table 1: overall PAF 45.3%, rounded 45%); high LDL cholesterol unweighted PAF 18.7%, weighted 6.9%, rounded 7%; untreated vision loss unweighted 6.0%, weighted 2.2%, rounded 2% The Lancet 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39096926
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment Harm
why

The review's subject is the harm itself: brain swelling and microbleeds caused by the drugs.

 ARIA incidence and severity systematic review not stated "ARIA-E and ARIA-H occurred in 12.6% and 17.3% of participants on lecanemab, respectively" (CLARITY-AD); "ARIA-E and ARIA-H occurred in 24% and 31% of participants on donanemab, respectively" (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ-2); APOE e4 homozygotes "may have ~2.5 to 5 times greater risk for incident ARIA-E and for ARIA-H" Alzheimer's & Dementia 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42015334

How this table was built, and where it is weak →