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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 7 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 7 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Benefit why An initial negative opinion was reversed on re-examination, with use restricted to APOE4 heterozygotes and non-carriers. The EPAR describes ARIA as affecting more than 1 in 10 people without giving a percentage.	iADRS at 18 months, in the APOE4-restricted group	regulatory decision	1,736	"after 18 months of treatment, the iADRs score worsened by 11 points in patients who received Kisunla and 13 points in those given placebo"	European Medicines Agency 2025 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Benefit	iADRS and CDR-SB at week 76	regulatory decision	1,736	Week 76 differences from placebo: iADRS 2.92 (p<0.0001); ADAS-Cog13 -1.33 (p=0.0006); ADCS-iADL 1.70 (p=0.0001); CDR-SB -0.70 (p<0.0001)	U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2024 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Mixed why CHMP refused the drug, then on re-examination recommended it only for people with one or no APOE4 copy, where the ARIA rates are lower. Benefit on cognition and harm from ARIA in the same document, with the restriction as the regulator's way of balancing them.	CDR-SB at 18 months and ARIA rates, in the APOE4-restricted group	regulatory decision	1,521	"After 18 months of treatment, patients treated with Leqembi had a smaller increase in CDR-SB score than those who received placebo (1.22 versus 1.75)"; "8.9% of those with only one or no copy of ApoE4 experienced ARIA-E, compared with 12.6% of all patients ... 12.9% of patients in the restricted population experienced ARIA-H compared with 16.9% of the broader population"; placebo figures 1.3% and 6.8%	European Medicines Agency 2024 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Mixed why Approved on amyloid reduction (surrogate) while reporting higher ARIA rates than placebo; the notice reports no cognitive outcome.	Amyloid PET (surrogate marker); ARIA rates	regulatory decision	not stated	not established — the library recorded "aria-e in 10% of lecanemab patients vs 1% placebo; aria-h in 6% vs 5%". investors.biogen.com timed out on repeated attempts…	U.S. Food and Drug Administration (announced via Biogen press release) 2023 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Benefit	CDR-SB (clinical progression) at 18 months	regulatory decision	1,795	"Leqembi demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful reduction of decline from baseline to 18 months on the primary endpoint, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes score, compared to placebo" — the notice gives no numeric CDR-SB difference	U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2023 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Benefit why Benefit is on the surrogate marker only: the approval rested on amyloid reduction, not on confirmed clinical benefit, and the confirmatory trial was later terminated.	Amyloid PET (surrogate marker)	regulatory decision	not stated	not established — the library recorded "amyloid-pet reduction of 71% (emerge) and 59% (engage), both p<0.0001". investors.biogen.com timed out on repeated attempts…	U.S. Food and Drug Administration (announced via Biogen press release) 2021 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists
Other investigational drug Medicines	Treatment	No direction reported why A regulatory enforcement action, not a study. The SEC's order finds the reported Phase 2 biomarker data were manipulated by an unblinded consultant and its complaint alleges the full patient data "showed no measurable cognitive improvement in the patients' episodic memory"; it estimates no effect.	Securities-fraud settlement over reported Phase 2 simufilam results	regulatory decision	not stated	not established — sec press release 2024-151, fetched from sec.gov via a reader proxy. it states civil penalties of $40 million (cassava), $175,000 (barbier) and…	SEC Press Release / Administrative Order (Securities Act of 1933 Release No. 11311) 2024 ⚠ Regulatory decision — not a study no DOI or PMID exists

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