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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 10 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 10 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A price-threshold model: it estimates the test price at which diagnostic cost per true-positive case equals standard care ($290-$1,950 depending on use), and compares no actual price against it, so there is no direction to record.	Value-based price of a blood test for AD pathology as a triage or confirmatory test in primary and specialty care, and projected reduction in PET/CSF use	modelling study	not stated	If used in primary care, the value-based price would be $290 for a triage and $1150 for a confirmatory test, respectively, as use of PET or CSF testing would decline by 47 % and 86 %, respectively. If used in specialty care, i.e., after confirmation of early-stage cognitive impairment, the overall number of blood tests would decline. Consequently, the value-based price would increase to $450 for a triage test and $1950 for a confirmatory test	Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40494736
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost estimate ($818 billion, 80% of it borne by families through unpaid care, earnings losses, out-of-pocket costs and quality-of-life losses) with no exposure compared, so no direction is recorded.	Total cost of dementia in the United States in 2026	modelling study	not stated	In 2026, 5.7 million (95% confidence interval [CI] [5.6, 6.0]) US adults aged 51 and older are living with dementia, supported by 5.2 million (95% CI [4.9, 5.5]) care partners. Total costs are $818 billion (B, 95% CI [759, 866]), driven by quality-of-life losses for persons with dementia ($320B, 95% CI [269, 363]) and care partners ($15B 95% CI [6, 25]). Unpaid care ($237B, 95% CI [220, 253]), earnings losses ($23B), and out-of-pocket costs combined with quality-of-life losses account for 80% of costs and are borne by families	Alzheimer's & Dementia 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42340126
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost projection: total burden is estimated at $344 billion in 2020 rising to over $3 trillion in 2060, with African American and Latino families projected to bear a disproportionate share. It compares spending shares between groups but tests no exposure, so no direction is recorded.	Total US economic burden of dementia by race and ethnicity, 2020 to 2060	modelling study	31,028	The total estimated economic burden of ADRD was close to $344 billion in 2020 and was projected to increase to over $3 trillion in 2060. African American and Latino adults bore one-third ($113 billion) of it in 2020, with projections rising to $1.7 trillion by 2060, surpassing the economic burden for White adults, which was projected to grow from $231 billion to $1.4 trillion	JAMA Network Open 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40471578
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost estimate with no exposure compared, so there is no direction to record. Higher unpaid-care costs went with lower medical spending on nursing facility care.	Annual cost of care attributable to dementia per case in 2019 and the unpaid-care share of total cost by US state	modelling study	not stated	The annual cost of care attributable to dementia in 2019 was $53,502 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46,135-60,594) per case. The contribution of unpaid care to total costs varied by state, ranging from 70.2% (95% UI 64.3-75.4) in the District of Columbia to 89.9% (95% UI 87.8-91.5) in Arizona	Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40111940
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost projection with no exposure compared, so there is no direction to record. Dementia's share of replacement cost is projected to rise from 44% to 53%.	Replacement cost of unpaid family care and opportunity cost of forgone earnings for older Americans with and without dementia, now and projected to 2060	modelling study	not stated	Current annual replacement cost of unpaid family care is between $96 and $182 billion, 44% of which is accounted for by dementia caregiving. By 2060, it will increase to $277-571 billion, and 53% will be for dementia caregiving. The opportunity costs of forgone earnings and productivity loss, however, will grow faster, increasing from current levels of $107 billion and $26 billion to $380 billion and $102 billion, respectively, in 2060	Innovation in Aging 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40662057
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost estimate with no exposure compared, so there is no direction to record.	Annual indirect cost of Alzheimer's disease per person by severity, and total US indirect cost	modelling study	not stated	$36 934 for mild cognitive impairment owing to AD, $65 565 for mild AD, $103 717 for moderate AD, and $145 250 for severe AD (2024 United States Dollars [USD]). Considering the current distribution of prevalent patients across severity stages, the total annual indirect cost was estimated at $832 billion, which includes $599 billion in unpaid caregiving costs and $233 billion in productivity losses	Value in Health 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39571734
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost estimate and projection with no exposure compared, so there is no direction to record.	Per-patient cost of care in 2016 and aggregate US cost projected 2020-2060	modelling study	not stated	In 2016, the estimated per patient cost of formal care was $28,078 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $25,893-$30,433), and informal care cost valued in terms of replacement cost and forgone wages was $36,667 ($34,025-$39,473) and $15,792 ($12,980-$18,713), respectively. Aggregate formal care cost and formal plus informal care cost using replacement cost and forgone wage methods were $196 billion (95% uncertainty range [UR]: $179-$213 billion), $450 billion ($424-$478 billion), and $305 billion ($278-$333 billion), respectively, in 2020. These were projected to increase to $1.4 trillion ($837 billion-$2.2 trillion), $3.3 trillion ($1.9-$5.1 trillion), and $2.2 trillion ($1.3-$3.5 trillion), respectively, in 2060	npj Aging 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38331952
Cost of dementia care Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost estimation across 204 countries with no exposure compared, so there is no direction to record.	Global direct health care spending and informal care cost attributable to dementia, 2019, with projection to 2050	modelling study	not stated	in 2019, the direct health care spending attributable to ADRD across 204 countries reached $260.6 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 131.6-420.4) and the cost of informal ADRD care was $354.1 billion (95% UI 190.0-544.1). On average, informal care represents 57% (95% UI 38-75%) of the total cost of care. We estimated that direct health care spending attributable to ADRD will reach $1.6 trillion (95% UI 0.6-3.3) in 2050, or 9.4% (95% UI 3.9-19.6%) of projected health spending worldwide	Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39150827
Cost-effectiveness of anti-amyloid antibody Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A threshold analysis estimating what each country should be willing to pay (from $4-$18 a year in low-income countries to $254-$9,434 for lecanemab and $387-$13,964 for donanemab in high-income countries). It sets no price against an actual list price, so there is no direction to record.	Incremental QALYs versus usual care and value-based annual prices for lecanemab and donanemab across 174 countries	modelling study	not stated	Compared to usual care, lecanemab and donanemab respectively increased average QALYs by 0.38 and 0.51. By country income status, VBPs for lecanemab and donanemab respectively ranged between $254 to $9434 and $387 to $13,964 (high income), $90 to $1025 and $137 to $1507 (upper middle income), $11 to $623 and $21 to $956 (lower middle income) and $4 to $18 and $9 to $32 (low income)	Alzheimer's & Dementia 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42125995
Cost-effectiveness of anti-amyloid antibody Care, carers and services	Treatment	No direction reported why A cost-effectiveness model reporting ICERs of JPY 8.5 million and 7.9 million per QALY without stating a threshold or a verdict; the authors argue that narrow value assessments understate social value. No direction is recorded.	Incremental QALYs (patient plus caregiver) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of lecanemab added to standard care in Japan	modelling study	not stated	The incremental QALYs were 1.31 QALYs for MCI due to AD and 0.85 QALYs for mild AD-D, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were JPY 8.5 million /QALY and JPY 7.9 million /QALY ($1 = JPY 150), respectively	Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42108615

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