Every finding in the evidence table: 382 rows, filterable

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 6 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 6 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Education / cognitive reserve Sleep, mood and social life	Prevention	Benefit why Education and job complexity each contributed independently; about 28% of the education effect ran through occupation.	Dementia-free survival time	meta-analysis	10,195	Education and occupational complexity independently associated with longer dementia-free survival (28% of education effect mediated by occupation)	Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2022 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 34776437
Education / cognitive reserve Sleep, mood and social life	Prevention	Benefit why Effect held over and above measured Alzheimer's pathology, which is the point of the reserve idea.	Incident MCI or dementia	meta-analysis	not stated	"High CR was related to a 47% reduced relative risk of MCI or dementia (pooled-hazard ratio: 0.53 [0.35, 0.81]), with residual-based CR reducing risk by 62% and proxy-based CR by 48%."	Neuropsychology Review 2021 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 33415533
Music therapy Sleep, mood and social life	Treatment	Benefit why Improves depressive symptoms (moderate certainty) and overall behavioural problems (low certainty). No effect on agitation (SMD -0.05, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.17) and no evidence of long-term effects. Sits against the null MIDDEL trial on the same exposure.	Depressive symptoms at end of treatment	meta-analysis	1,720	Depressive symptoms SMD -0.23 (95% CI -0.42 to -0.04); agitation SMD -0.05 (95% CI -0.27 to 0.17)	Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40049590
Sleep Sleep, mood and social life	Prevention	Harm why Eight kinds of sleep disturbance were analysed; both short and long sleep carried higher risk, as did excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia.	Cognitive decline or dementia	meta-analysis	not stated	Excessive daytime sleepiness RR 1.41 for all-cause dementia; long sleep RR 1.66 for Alzheimer's disease	Journal of Neurology 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41081870
Sleep Sleep, mood and social life	Prevention	Harm why No significant association with vascular dementia, and none of the 11 studies used biomarkers to confirm the diagnoses.	Any neurocognitive disorder; Alzheimer's disease	meta-analysis	1,333,424	HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.26-1.62) for any neurocognitive disorder; Alzheimer's HR 1.28 (1.16-1.41)	Journal of Sleep Research 2022 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 35366021
Social isolation / loneliness Sleep, mood and social life	Prevention	Harm why Persisted after controlling for depression and social isolation.	Incident all-cause dementia	meta-analysis	608,561	All-cause dementia HR 1.306 (95% CI 1.197-1.426); Alzheimer's disease HR 1.393 (95% CI 1.290-1.504, 5 samples); vascular dementia HR 1.735 (95% CI 1.483-2.029, 3 samples); cognitive impairment HR 1.150 (95% CI 1.113-1.189, 16 samples)	Nature Mental Health 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39802418

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