Every finding in the evidence table: 382 rows, filterable

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 9 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 9 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Mixed why A statistically detectable but very small cognitive effect (ADAS-Cog SMD -0.11) alongside 107 more cases of ARIA-E per 1,000. The reviewers' own conclusion is that removing amyloid does not seem to produce clinically meaningful effects — the sharpest disagreement in this table with how the individual trials were reported.	ADAS-Cog and CDR-SB at 18 months; ARIA	meta-analysis	20,342	ADAS-Cog SMD -0.11 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.06); ARIA-E absolute risk difference +107 per 1,000	Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41985900
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines	Treatment	Mixed why Benefits were statistically present but every one fell below the minimum clinically important difference, against a number needed to harm of 9 for ARIA-oedema. Agrees with the Cochrane review and not with the trial reports.	Cognitive and functional scales against the MCID; ARIA	meta-analysis	23,202	CDR-SB mean difference -0.18 (95% CI -0.34 to -0.03), below the MCID; ARIA-oedema NNH 9	Annals of Family Medicine 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38253509
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines	Prevention	Mixed why Antihypertensive treatment improved cognitive scores by a small amount (SMD 0.06, moderate certainty) but the reduction in dementia incidence was not statistically significant (OR 0.89, low certainty). The drug-class rankings rest on one trial per class and are described as highly uncertain.	Cognitive function scores and incident dementia in hypertensive older adults (four RCTs)	meta-analysis	16,823	Antihypertensive treatment significantly improved cognitive function scores (SMD, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.09; P < .001, GRADE moderate certainty) and showed a nonsignificant trend toward reduced dementia incidence (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76-1.05; P = .172, GRADE low certainty)	Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41962914
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines	Prevention	Mixed why Antihypertensive use tracked lower Alzheimer's risk but not lower non-Alzheimer dementia risk, where treated and untreated hypertension looked the same. A single baseline blood pressure reading predicted neither.	Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer dementia	meta-analysis	31,250	Untreated vs treated hypertension: Alzheimer's dementia HR 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.87)	Neurology 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39141884
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines	Prevention	Benefit why Individual participant data from five double-blind placebo-controlled trials, which is the strongest design in this table for this exposure.	Incident dementia over a median 4.3 years	meta-analysis	28,008	Adjusted OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.75-0.99) for incident dementia	European Heart Journal 2022 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 36282295
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines	Prevention	Benefit why Consistent across 14 trials (I-squared 0%) but small in absolute terms: 0.39 percentage points over about 4 years.	Incident dementia or cognitive impairment	meta-analysis	96,158	OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.98); absolute risk reduction 0.39% over 4.1 years	JAMA 2020 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 32427305
Hormone therapy Medicines	Prevention	No effect	MCI or dementia	meta-analysis	1,016,055	No evidence that MHT use either increases or decreases the risk of dementia in post-menopausal women (10 studies, 1,016,055 participants; certainty of evidence moderate to very low)	The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41448220
Metformin / antidiabetic Medicines	Prevention	Benefit why Heterogeneity was near-total (I-squared 98.9%) and the estimate went to null in people newly diagnosed with diabetes (HR 1.01), which is where prevalent-user bias would be smallest.	Incident dementia	meta-analysis	3,463,100	HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.65-0.91) vs non-users overall; HR 1.01 (0.81-1.27) in newly diagnosed diabetes	Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39780315
Metformin / antidiabetic Medicines	Prevention	Mixed why The split inside this one paper is the finding: the 41 observational studies show large benefits (SGLT2i OR 0.56, GLP-1RA OR 0.58) while the 23 randomised trials show no difference. When design and result disagree this cleanly, the trials are the ones to believe.	Incident dementia	meta-analysis	3,462,926	Observational: SGLT2i OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.45-0.69), GLP-1RA OR 0.58 (0.46-0.73) vs non-users; RCTs: no difference	Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39716328

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