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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 3 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 3 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Polygenic risk / GWAS loci Genes (not modifiable) Prevention Harm
why

Direction is for a high polygenic score (excluding APOE): people in the top decile had a twofold risk of Braak stage >4 tangles and of moderate-to-severe amyloid plaque pathology at death. 91 loci identified, 16 new; 18 further loci await validation.

 Genome-wide risk loci and a polygenic score's association with tau and amyloid pathology at death meta-analysis 978,514 We identified 91 genetic loci associated with ADRD risk, of which 16 are new and 56 are specifically detected in clinically diagnosed AD cases ... Individuals in the tenth decile of the score exhibited a twofold increased risk of presenting with Braak neurofibrillary tangles stage of >4 and moderate-to-severe neuritic amyloid plaque pathology at death compared to individuals in the median score group Nature Genetics 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42237039
Polygenic risk / GWAS loci Genes (not modifiable) Prevention No direction reported
why

Locus-discovery genome-wide association study: it reports which genetic regions reached significance and no effect estimate for any exposure, so no direction is recorded. The study reports 14 new loci for clinically diagnosed AD and two from AD-by-proxy.

 Genome-wide significant loci for clinically diagnosed AD and AD-by-proxy meta-analysis 432,374 not established — pubmed abstract lists the loci by name and reports no effect estimate. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39998322
Polygenic risk / GWAS loci Genes (not modifiable) Prevention Harm
why

Direction is for carrying a higher genetic risk score: risk of AD rose 1.6- to 1.9-fold from the lowest to the highest decile, over and above age and APOE4. The main output is 75 risk loci, 42 new.

 Genome-wide risk loci and a genetic risk score for future AD/dementia meta-analysis 788,989 We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis ... The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele Nature Genetics 2022
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 35379992

How this table was built, and where it is weak →