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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 5 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 5 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment Mixed
why

A statistically detectable but very small cognitive effect (ADAS-Cog SMD -0.11) alongside 107 more cases of ARIA-E per 1,000. The reviewers' own conclusion is that removing amyloid does not seem to produce clinically meaningful effects — the sharpest disagreement in this table with how the individual trials were reported.

 ADAS-Cog and CDR-SB at 18 months; ARIA meta-analysis 20,342 ADAS-Cog SMD -0.11 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.06); ARIA-E absolute risk difference +107 per 1,000 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41985900
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment Mixed
why

Benefits were statistically present but every one fell below the minimum clinically important difference, against a number needed to harm of 9 for ARIA-oedema. Agrees with the Cochrane review and not with the trial reports.

 Cognitive and functional scales against the MCID; ARIA meta-analysis 23,202 CDR-SB mean difference -0.18 (95% CI -0.34 to -0.03), below the MCID; ARIA-oedema NNH 9 Annals of Family Medicine 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38253509
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines Prevention Mixed
why

Antihypertensive treatment improved cognitive scores by a small amount (SMD 0.06, moderate certainty) but the reduction in dementia incidence was not statistically significant (OR 0.89, low certainty). The drug-class rankings rest on one trial per class and are described as highly uncertain.

 Cognitive function scores and incident dementia in hypertensive older adults (four RCTs) meta-analysis 16,823 Antihypertensive treatment significantly improved cognitive function scores (SMD, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.09; P < .001, GRADE moderate certainty) and showed a nonsignificant trend toward reduced dementia incidence (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76-1.05; P = .172, GRADE low certainty) Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41962914
Antihypertensives / BP lowering Medicines Prevention Mixed
why

Antihypertensive use tracked lower Alzheimer's risk but not lower non-Alzheimer dementia risk, where treated and untreated hypertension looked the same. A single baseline blood pressure reading predicted neither.

 Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer dementia meta-analysis 31,250 Untreated vs treated hypertension: Alzheimer's dementia HR 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.87) Neurology 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39141884
Metformin / antidiabetic Medicines Prevention Mixed
why

The split inside this one paper is the finding: the 41 observational studies show large benefits (SGLT2i OR 0.56, GLP-1RA OR 0.58) while the 23 randomised trials show no difference. When design and result disagree this cleanly, the trials are the ones to believe.

 Incident dementia meta-analysis 3,462,926 Observational: SGLT2i OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.45-0.69), GLP-1RA OR 0.58 (0.46-0.73) vs non-users; RCTs: no difference Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39716328

How this table was built, and where it is weak →