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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 3 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 3 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Hearing loss / hearing aids Hearing and vision Prevention Benefit
why

Confined to people who said the aid actually improved their hearing (HR 0.86); those reporting poor improvement showed nothing (HR 0.98).

 Probable dementia over a mean 6.5 years cohort study 61,089 HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.88-0.94) for hearing aid use; HR 0.86 (0.80-0.93) with effective use Cell Reports Medicine 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42127901
Hearing loss / hearing aids Hearing and vision Prevention Harm
why

Direction is for hearing loss. Risk was lower among those using hearing aids (aHR 1.06) than those not (aHR 1.20). The authors note their estimates are smaller than earlier studies'.

 Incident dementia over a mean 8.6 years cohort study 573,088 Hearing loss without hearing aids aHR 1.20 (95% CI 1.13-1.27); with hearing aids aHR 1.06 (1.01-1.10) JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38175662
Vision impairment / cataract surgery Hearing and vision Prevention Harm
why

Direction is for having cataracts or myopia. A Mendelian randomisation analysis supported the cataract-vascular dementia link.

 Incident dementia and brain volume cohort study 304,953 Cataracts HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.07-1.29) for dementia; MR OR 1.92 (1.26-2.92) for vascular dementia JAMA Network Open 2024
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39078629

How this table was built, and where it is weak →