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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 5 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 5 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Population burden (prevalence, incidence, lifetime risk) All modifiable factors together Prevention No direction reported
why

A lifetime-risk estimate (42% after age 55, higher in women, Black adults and APOE4 carriers) and a projection of new cases. It compares no exposure, so no direction is recorded.

 Lifetime risk of dementia from age 55, and projected annual US incident cases to 2060 cohort study 15,043 The lifetime risk of dementia after age 55 years was 42% (95% confidence interval: 41-43). Rates were substantially higher in women, Black adults and APOE ε4 carriers, with lifetime risks ranging from approximately 45% to 60% in these populations. The number of US adults who will develop dementia each year was projected to increase from approximately 514,000 in 2020 to approximately 1 million in 2060 Nature Medicine 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39806070
Health-system and payment model Care, carers and services Treatment No direction reported
why

A single-programme implementation report with no comparison group. It counts enrolment and service use and estimates no effect.

 Enrolment, respite use and disenrolment in the first year of one GUIDE programme cohort study 158 Over 35% of eligible beneficiaries have utilized respite services. Approximately 9% have disenrolled, the majority (64%) expired/hospice Innovation in Aging (GSA 2025 conference abstract) 2025
⚠ Conference abstract — not peer-reviewed DOI 10.1093/geroni/igaf122.3561
MRI amygdalar atrophy scale (marker of LATE) Care, carers and services Treatment No direction reported
why

A classification-validation study without a neuropathological reference standard, so accuracy cannot be judged. The groups behaved as expected: patients labelled LATE had mild amnestic impairment, limbic atrophy and stable MMSE over 30 months, while AD and AD/LATE groups declined.

 Clinical, imaging and 30-month cognitive profiles of memory-clinic patients classified as LATE, AD, AD/LATE or neither by the amygdalar atrophy scale plus AD biomarkers cohort study 469 the LATE group maintained cognitive stability as the No-AD/No-LATE group (β = -0.010, 95% CI -0.096 to 0.075, p = 0.813), whereas both AD (β = -0.136, 95% CI -0.184 to -0.088, p < 0.001) and AD/LATE (β = -0.139, 95% CI -0.196 to -0.082, p < 0.001) groups showed faster decline over time Neurology 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41428981
Rare protective or risk variant (APOE3 Christchurch, APOE R145C, RELN, FN1) Genes (not modifiable) Prevention No direction reported
why

Among 37 heterozygous carriers (ages 56.6-82.1) none had developed AD or MCI by the March 2022 data freeze and apolipoprotein B was lower than in non-carriers, but the authors say continued follow-up is necessary and no homozygotes were found, so protection could not be tested. No incidence comparison is reported, so no direction is recorded.

 Alzheimer's disease or MCI diagnoses and blood lipid biomarkers in heterozygous APOE Christchurch carriers cohort study 455,306 not established — research letter with no pubmed abstract; the full text at pmc10685495 reports carrier counts and p-values (apob p = 0.004; p = 0.036… Molecular Neurodegeneration 2023
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38017580
Anti-amyloid antibody Medicines Treatment No direction reported
why

A single-clinic safety series with no comparison group. It reports how often ARIA and infusion reactions happened in practice, which is useful, but it cannot estimate an effect of the drug in either direction.

 ARIA and infusion reactions in routine care cohort study 234 ARIA 22%; symptomatic ARIA 5.7% overall, 27% in mild dementia vs 1.8% in MCI/very mild dementia JAMA Neurology 2025
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40354064

How this table was built, and where it is weak →