Every finding in the evidence table: 382 rows, filterable

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 14 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 14 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why A pilot designed to test feasibility; 68 carers and a 2-week outcome.	Pre-death grief at 2 weeks	randomised trial	68	Pre-death grief Cohen d = -0.38 (mean change -3.29, SD 8.64, p=0.03) at 2 weeks	JAMA Network Open 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42018322
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why At the 1-month comparison the automated self-guided programme reduced depression and burden and increased positive gains versus waitlist; anxiety did not differ. Group differences mostly disappeared once controls received the programme.	Caregiver depression (PHQ-9) at 1 month versus waitlist (primary); anxiety, burden and positive gains	randomised trial	274	At 1-month follow-up, coinciding with exclusive access to PDC30, intervention caregivers showed significant improvements in depression (d = -0.37), burden (d = -0.34), and positive gains (d = 0.42)	The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41644333
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why A factorial trial of components: the mindfulness component carried the benefit and amplified the others.	Carer depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) at 12 months	randomised trial	250	Mindfulness component: PHQ-9 depressive symptoms β = -2.13 (95% CI -2.85 to -1.38) at 12 months	JAMA Network Open 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40094667
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why Direction is for NIDUS-Family: an 89% probability of cost-effectiveness from a health and social care perspective (87% societal) and £8,934 (37%) lower average costs, though the cost difference's confidence interval includes zero.	Probability of cost-effectiveness at £20,000-30,000 per QALY and 12-month costs versus goal setting and routine care	randomised trial	302	At both a £20 000 and £30 000 decision threshold, there was an 89% probability that NIDUS-Family was cost-effective compared with usual care from a health and social care perspective, and an 87% probability from a societal perspective. Intervention participants accrued on average £8934 (37%) less in costs than control participants (95% CI -£59 460 to £41 592)	The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39978389
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why The outcome is how prepared carers felt to decide about firearm access, not whether any injury was avoided.	Preparation for Decision Making score	randomised trial	500	Preparation for Decision Making score +4.80 points (95% CI 0.53 to 9.07) vs control	Annals of Internal Medicine 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39531391
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why Benefit in Hispanic and White caregivers and in Black spousal caregivers; not in Black non-spousal caregivers.	Caregiver quality of life and depression at 6 months	randomised trial	642	Depression: 12.6% (intervention) vs. 22.7% (control) at 6 months	Annals of Internal Medicine 2006 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 17116917
Carer psychosocial / skills intervention Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit	Time to nursing home placement	randomised trial	406	HR 0.717 for nursing home placement; median time to placement 557 days longer (model-predicted) in the intervention group	Neurology 2006 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 17101889
Dementia care management / navigation Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why The community health worker programme achieved verified linkage to medical care in 16.7% of dyads versus none in the control arm. Caregiver outcomes were largely unchanged, with self-efficacy favouring control.	Clinic-verified linkage to medical services at 6 months (primary); caregiver psychosocial outcomes	randomised trial	287	PLAN increased linkage to medical services versus control (16.7% vs 0%, chi-squared [df = 1] = 24.05, p < 0.001). Caregiver outcomes were largely unchanged, with self-efficacy favoring control	Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42233272
Dementia care management / navigation Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why Direction is for the extended nursing role intervention: 74% fewer unmet needs and higher quality of life at six months, with a small QALY gain at about 1,425 EUR added cost; no effect on caregiver burden.	Unmet needs, quality of life, caregiver burden and cost per QALY at six months (advanced dementia care management by nurses in extended roles)	randomised trial	417	PlwD receiving the intervention had 74% lower unmet needs (0.26, CI95%: 0.17 to 0.40, p < 0.001) and higher quality of life (0.04, CI95%: 0.01 to 0.07, p = 0.017) than controls. There was a gain in quality-adjusted life years (0.01, CI95%: -0.001 to 0.018) at slightly higher costs (1,425 EUR, CI95%: 638 to 2,211)	Alzheimer's & Dementia 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41143334
Dementia care management / navigation Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why Direction is for collaborative dementia care management: fewer neuropsychiatric symptoms, lower caregiver burden, better mental health and 0.137 QALYs gained at no significant added cost (3186€ per QALY) over 36 months; no difference in antidementia drug use, overall quality of life or inappropriate medication.	Neuropsychiatric symptoms, caregiver burden, quality of life and cost per QALY at 36 months after 6 months of collaborative dementia care management	randomised trial	428	Participants receiving CDCM showed significantly fewer behavioral and psychological symptoms (adjusted mean difference [AMD] in NPI score, -10.26 [95% CI, -16.95 to -3.58]; P = .003; Cohen d, -0.78 [95% CI, -1.09 to -0.46]) ... and lower caregiver burden (AMD in BIZA-D score, -0.59 [95% CI, -0.81 to -0.37]; P < .001; Cohen d, -0.71 [95% CI, -1.03 to -0.40]) ... The CDCM group gained QALYs (0.137 [95% CI, 0.000 to 0.274]; P = .049; Cohen d, 0.20 [95% CI, -0.09 to 0.40]) but had no significant increase in costs (437€ [-5438€ to 6313€] [US $476 (95% CI, -$5927 to $6881)]; P = .87; Cohen d, 0.07 [95% CI, -0.14 to 0.28]), resulting in a cost-effectiveness ratio of 3186€ (US $3472) per QALY	JAMA Network Open 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 38967926
Dementia screening / case finding Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why The outcome is how many diagnoses were made, not whether anyone was better off. The passive digital marker alone did not raise detection (AOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.63-1.11).	New dementia diagnosis within 12 months	randomised trial	5,325	Adjusted OR for new dementia diagnosis 1.31 (95% CI 1.05-1.64) with QDRS plus passive digital marker vs usual care	JAMA Network Open 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41212562
Safety / firearm decision aid Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why The outcome is how prepared carers felt to decide about firearm access, not whether any injury was avoided.	Preparation for Decision Making score	randomised trial	500	Preparation for Decision Making score +4.80 points (95% CI 0.53 to 9.07) vs control	Annals of Internal Medicine 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39531391
Sleep intervention for carers/dyads Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit why Direction is for DREAMS START against treatment as usual: a 78% probability of being cost-effective at £20,000 per QALY, with cost and QALY differences individually non-significant. The clinical sleep result is in the table under its own row.	Cost per QALY gained (within-trial cost-utility)	randomised trial	377	The mean incremental difference in QALYs per person with dementia was 0·016 more (95% CI 0·000 to 0·033) for the intervention group than for the TAU group, indicating no significant difference in quality of life. At a £20 000 per QALY gained decision threshold, there was a 78% probability that DREAMS START is cost-effective, compared with TAU	The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40412418
Sleep intervention for carers/dyads Care, carers and services	Treatment	Benefit	Sleep Disorders Inventory at 8 months	randomised trial	377	Adjusted mean difference in Sleep Disorders Inventory at 8 months: -4.70 (95% CI -7.65 to -1.74)	The Lancet Healthy Longevity 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39366393

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