Every row of the evidence table

A threshold-derivation meta-analysis: it converges on 18 Centiloids (data-driven) and 27 Centiloids (visual reads) and flags 11-26 as a range to read with caution. It compares no exposure, so no direction exists to record.

Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Plasma p-tau217 detected amyloid PET positivity with 82% sensitivity and 86% specificity, comparable to CSF p-tau217; less sensitive for tau PET.

Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Plasma p-tau217 was the best-performing marker (88.1% sensitivity, 88.7% specificity, AUROC 91.1%, moderate certainty), ahead of p-tau181 and p-tau231; about 90% of studies were at high risk of bias.

Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Performance varied widely across tests, from 49.3% to 91.4% pooled sensitivity and 61.5% to 96.7% pooled specificity at a single cut-point, with most studies at high risk of bias.

A pooled prevalence among carers (50.8% lonely, 37.1% socially isolated) with no non-carer comparison, so no direction for the effect of caregiving can be recorded.

Direction is for BEING a carer: carers were worse off than non-carers on every domain, with the largest gaps in depression and stress.

Benefit was larger for younger, male and non-spousal carers. The largest single effect (training the person with dementia) rests on 10 observations and the authors call it promising rather than definitive.

Digital psychological interventions reduced caregiver burden and improved self-efficacy and quality of life; the effect on depressive symptoms was not statistically significant (P = .06).

Peer support reduced distress to behavioural symptoms and increased social support and quality of life immediately after the intervention, but had no effect on depression/anxiety, loneliness, burden or competence, and no outcome was sustained at follow-up.

Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Pooled sensitivity 76% and specificity 83% for dementia, with 73% / 84% in primary care; the authors call it a practical screening tool while noting high or unclear risk of bias in patient selection and timing.

Advance care planning strongly increased DNR documentation (OR 14.12) but did not change whether residents died in the nursing home (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.72-3.66). Evidence on other end-of-life outcomes was limited and inconsistent, and no study came from a non-Western setting.

A prognosis meta-analysis: it pools time to death and to nursing home admission and compares no exposure. Women's shorter survival was attributable to later age at diagnosis.

In dementia there may be small-to-moderate benefits at six months (low-certainty evidence, I2 88-96%); in MCI ginkgo probably has little or no effect (moderate certainty); in subjective cognitive complaints the effect is very uncertain. Adverse events were similar to placebo.

Pools 27 small trials in people who already have dementia, and reports a much larger effect (SMD 0.69) than the single largest such trial, DAPA, which found none.

A statistically detectable but very small cognitive effect (ADAS-Cog SMD -0.11) alongside 107 more cases of ARIA-E per 1,000. The reviewers' own conclusion is that removing amyloid does not seem to produce clinically meaningful effects — the sharpest disagreement in this table with how the individual trials were reported.

Benefits were statistically present but every one fell below the minimum clinically important difference, against a number needed to harm of 9 for ARIA-oedema. Agrees with the Cochrane review and not with the trial reports.

Improves depressive symptoms (moderate certainty) and overall behavioural problems (low certainty). No effect on agitation (SMD -0.05, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.17) and no evidence of long-term effects. Sits against the null MIDDEL trial on the same exposure.