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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2

Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192

Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58

Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35

Showing 6 of 382 rows for Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio). One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

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Research and outcomes, 6 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure	Question	Direction	Outcome measured	Design	People	Effect size, as the source reported it	Source
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Harm why Direction is for higher baseline plasma p-tau217 in cognitively unimpaired women: each SD increase more than doubled the hazard of MCI or dementia. Associations were larger in women over 70, APOE4 carriers and White women, and p-tau217 was not associated with incident MCI in Black women.	Incident MCI or dementia over up to 25 years	cohort study	2,766	Every 1-SD increase in log2-transformed p-tau217 was associated with incident MCI or dementia (HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.18-2.71) and each individual outcome (MCI: HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.72-2.20; dementia: HR, 3.17; 95% CI, 2.79-3.61)	JAMA Network Open 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41805953
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. The estimated age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity predicted age at symptom onset (adjusted R2 0.337-0.612) with a median absolute error of 3.0-3.7 years, which the authors call acceptable for trials but not yet for individual clinical use.	Predicted age at onset of Alzheimer's symptoms from plasma %p-tau217 clock models	cohort study	603	The estimated age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity was associated with the age at onset of AD symptoms (adjusted R2 of 0.337-0.612) with a median absolute error of 3.0-3.7 years	Nature medicine 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 41714746
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Harm why Direction is for higher baseline plasma p-tau217 in cognitively unimpaired adults: each SD raised the hazard of progression by 38%, and the very-high group had a 38% absolute 5-year risk of progression.	Progression to cognitive impairment over a median 5.4 years; cognitive decline on the PACC	cohort study	2,684	Each 1-SD increase in baseline p-tau217 level was associated with an increased risk of progression to cognitive impairment (hazard ratio, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.30-1.46]), and the association remained significant after adjustment, including β-amyloid positron emission tomography scan Centiloids (hazard ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.24-1.41]). Participants with high (1.1-2.4 SD) and very high (>2.5 SD) baseline p-tau217 had 24% (95% CI, 20%-28%) and 38% (95% CI, 33%-43%) absolute risk of progression over 5 years, respectively	JAMA 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42449500
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Harm why Direction is for higher plasma p-tau217: each SD raised the hazard of incident cognitive impairment by 41%, more steeply in APOE-ε4 carriers (76%) than non-carriers (26%), with survival curves separating 3-4 years after the blood test.	Prevalent and incident cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia) by plasma p-tau217 and APOE-ε4 status	cohort study	8,582	Higher p-tau217 concentrations at baseline were also associated with incident cognitive impairment (hazard ratio 1·41, 95% CI 1·22-1·64; for 1-SD increase of p-tau217 levels), with a stronger association in APOE-ε4 carriers (1·76, 1·36-2·26) than in non-carriers (1·26, 1·12-1·42). Each 1-SD increase in p-tau217 concentration was associated with a 24% shorter time to cognitive impairment among APOE-ε4 carriers, compared with 13% among non-carriers	The Lancet. Neurology 2026 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42716078
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Stand-alone plasma p-tau217 gave 81% accuracy and 79% PPV; confirming positives with PET or CSF raised both to 91% while cutting PET scans needed to find 100 amyloid-positive people from 536 to 124. Immunoassays matched mass spectrometry on PPV but had lower accuracy.	Accuracy and positive predictive value for amyloid positivity (CSF or PET) in cognitively unimpaired people, stand-alone and in a two-step workflow	cross-sectional study	2,916	As a stand-alone test, plasma p-tau217 achieved a positive predictive value (PPV) of 79% (95% CI, 74-84) and an overall accuracy of 81% (95% CI, 80-82). In a 2-step workflow, the PPV and accuracy significantly increased to 91% (95% CI, 86-95). While this approach required screening of 677 individuals with plasma p-tau217 to identify 100 Aβ-positive individuals, compared to 536 participants when using PET alone, it reduced the need for PET testing to 124	JAMA Neurology 2025 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40952756
Blood biomarker test (p-tau217 / amyloid ratio) Care, carers and services	Prevention	Benefit why Direction is for the test's accuracy against the reference standard; an accuracy result, not a health outcome. Combined plasma %p-tau217 and Aβ42/40 detected abnormal CSF amyloid status (AUC 0.949) and each predicted rising amyloid PET over time in people who started below the positivity threshold, replicated in two further cohorts; p-tau231 and GFAP added no clear independent value.	Prediction of subsequent brain amyloid accumulation (PET/CSF) in cognitively unimpaired people with subthreshold amyloid	cohort study	983	a combination of plasma %p-tau217 and Aβ42/40 showed better performance (area under the curve = 0.949; 95% CI, 0.929-0.970; P <.02) than individual biomarkers ... longitudinal Aβ-PET (%p-tau217: β = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48-0.87; Aβ42/40: β = -0.33; 95% CI, -0.51 to -0.15; %p-tau217 × Aβ42/40: β = -0.31; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.18; P < .001)	JAMA Neurology 2024 ✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 39068669

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