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Home › Research › What the research found › Every row

Every row of the evidence table

One row per finding: what was tested, which way the result went, and how the study was built. The answer by area, and where the studies disagree, are on the main page.

Every row

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Area All 382 Care, carers and services 140 Medicines 85 Genes (not modifiable) 35 All modifiable factors together 27 Diet and supplements 23 Exercise and activity 21 Sleep, mood and social life 19 Hearing and vision 8 Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis 6 Infection and vaccination 5 Heart and metabolic health 4 Injury, delirium and falls 4 Environment 3 Cognitive activity 2
Question Both Prevention 190 Treatment 192
Direction Any Benefit 144 Harm 105 No effect 38 Mixed 37 No direction reported 58
Design Any meta-analysis 57 randomised trial 44 phase 3 trial 15 systematic review 9 phase 2 trial 10 cohort study 136 phase 1 trial 2 cross-sectional study 31 case-control study 14 modelling study 20 regulatory decision 7 company announcement 1 coverage determination 1 None 35
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Showing 2 of 382 rows. One row per study per exposure: a study that tested two different things appears twice, once for each.

Scroll the table sideways to see every column.

Research and outcomes, 2 rows. Every row links to its source.
Exposure Question Direction Outcome measured Design People Effect size, as the source reported it Source
Cost-effectiveness of multidomain prevention programme Care, carers and services Prevention Mixed
why

Direction is for value for money: APPLE-Tree had a 96% probability of being cost-effective per cognition point at a £30 000 threshold but only 12% on QALYs, which were slightly lower in the intervention arm. Post hoc subgroups suggested better value in non-White and socioeconomically disadvantaged participants.

 QALYs over 24 months (primary) and cost per 1-point NTB cognition gain randomised trial 746 Mean adjusted QALYs were 1.511 (intervention) and 1.520 (control), an adjusted difference of -0.010 (95%CI -0.04 to -0.022). Mean adjusted (SD) costs were £2966 (3629) and £2551 (4439), respectively. Cost per 1-point NTB change z-score was £6809. At a £30 000 threshold, the probability of cost-effective was 12% and 96% based on QALYs and cognition, respectively Age and ageing 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 42328805
Polygenic risk / GWAS loci Genes (not modifiable) Prevention Mixed
why

The intervention-control cognitive difference was statistically significant in the higher-genetic-risk halves and not in the lower halves, but neither genetic score significantly modified the intervention effect overall (P > 0.46); an exploratory sex difference emerged for the Alzheimer score.

 Annual change in overall cognition (modified NTB) with a 2-year multidomain lifestyle intervention, by Alzheimer and coronary genetic risk score randomised trial 1,177 The intervention-control difference in annual overall cognition change (95% confidence interval) for participants with AD-GRS above/below the median (i.e. higher/lower risk) was 0.032 (0.002-0.063) versus 0.017 (-0.011 to 0.045), and for CAD-GRS above/below the median was 0.031 (0.002 to 0.059) versus 0.016 (-0.012 to 0.044). AD-GRS or CAD-GRS were not significantly related to the intervention effect overall (P > 0.46), but for AD-GRS there were differences between females and males (P = 0.024) Brain : a journal of neurology 2026
✓ Peer-reviewed PMID 40747850

How this table was built, and where it is weak →