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% Source: https://alzhub.org/research?category=disparities&atag=controlled
% 60 entries, in the order the page lists them. Built from alzhub.org's own records.
% 0 entries have no readable author in the source record and carry no author field.

@article{barnes2013-23545598,
  author  = {Barnes, D. E. and Santos-Modesitt, W. and Poelke, G. and Kramer, A. F. and Castro, C. and Middleton, L. E. and Yaffe, K.},
  title   = {{The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) trial: a randomized controlled trial to enhance cognitive function in older adults}},
  journal = {JAMA internal medicine},
  year    = {2013},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.189},
  pmid    = {23545598},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.189}
}

@article{levine2020-32282019,
  author  = {Levine, D. A. and Gross, A. L. and Briceño, E. M. and Tilton, N. and Kabeto, M. U. and Hingtgen, S. M. and Giordani, B. J. and Sussman, J. B. and others},
  title   = {{Association Between Blood Pressure and Later-Life Cognition Among Black and White Individuals}},
  journal = {JAMA neurology},
  year    = {2020},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0568},
  pmid    = {32282019},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0568}
}

@article{bloomberg2021-33516287,
  author  = {Bloomberg, M. and Dugravot, A. and Dumurgier, J. and Kivimaki, M. and Fayosse, A. and Steptoe, A. and Britton, A. and Singh-Manoux, A. and others},
  title   = {{Sex differences and the role of education in cognitive ageing: analysis of two UK-based prospective cohort studies}},
  journal = {The Lancet. Public health},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30258-9},
  pmid    = {33516287},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30258-9}
}

@article{caunca2020-32364578,
  author  = {Caunca, M. R. and Odden, M. C. and Glymour, M. M. and Elfassy, T. and Kershaw, K. N. and Sidney, S. and Yaffe, K. and Launer, L. and others},
  title   = {{Association of Racial Residential Segregation Throughout Young Adulthood and Cognitive Performance in Middle-aged Participants in the CARDIA Study}},
  journal = {JAMA neurology},
  year    = {2020},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0860},
  pmid    = {32364578},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0860}
}

@article{yaffe2016-27397561,
  author  = {Yaffe, K. and Nasrallah, I. and Hoang, T. D. and Lauderdale, D. S. and Knutson, K. L. and Carnethon, M. R. and Launer, L. J. and Lewis, C. E. and others},
  title   = {{Sleep Duration and White Matter Quality in Middle-Aged Adults}},
  journal = {Sleep},
  year    = {2016},
  doi     = {10.5665/sleep.6104},
  pmid    = {27397561},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6104}
}

@article{wang2022-35441085,
  author  = {Wang, Y. and Han, X. and Zhang, X. and Zhang, Z. and Cong, L. and Tang, S. and Hou, T. and Liu, C. and others},
  title   = {{Health status and risk profiles for brain aging of rural-dwelling older adults: Data from the interdisciplinary baseline assessments in MIND-China}},
  journal = {Alzheimer's \& dementia (New York, N. Y.)},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.1002/trc2.12254},
  pmid    = {35441085},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12254}
}

@article{oveisgharan2024-38582095,
  author  = {Oveisgharan, S. and Wang, T. and Barnes, L. L. and Schneider, J. A. and Bennett, D. A. and Buchman, A. S.},
  title   = {{The time course of motor and cognitive decline in older adults and their associations with brain pathologies: a multicohort study}},
  journal = {The lancet. Healthy longevity},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.1016/s2666-7568(24)00033-3},
  pmid    = {38582095},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(24)00033-3}
}

@article{manly1998-9595969,
  author  = {Manly, J. J. and Jacobs, D. M. and Sano, M. and Bell, K. and Merchant, C. A. and Small, S. A. and Stern, Y.},
  title   = {{Cognitive test performance among nondemented elderly African Americans and whites}},
  journal = {Neurology},
  year    = {1998},
  doi     = {10.1212/wnl.50.5.1238},
  pmid    = {9595969},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.5.1238}
}

@article{miller2015-26366714,
  author  = {Miller, J. W. and Harvey, D. J. and Beckett, L. A. and Green, R. and Farias, S. T. and Reed, B. R. and Olichney, J. M. and Mungas, D. M. and others},
  title   = {{Vitamin D Status and Rates of Cognitive Decline in a Multiethnic Cohort of Older Adults}},
  journal = {JAMA neurology},
  year    = {2015},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2115},
  pmid    = {26366714},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2115}
}

@article{muhammad2021-34130632,
  author  = {Muhammad, T. and Meher, T.},
  title   = {{Association of late-life depression with cognitive impairment: evidence from a cross-sectional study among older adults in India}},
  journal = {BMC geriatrics},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1186/s12877-021-02314-7},
  pmid    = {34130632},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02314-7}
}

@article{rosano2011-21391929,
  author  = {Rosano, C. and Longstreth, W. T. and Boudreau, R. and Taylor, C. A. and Du, Y. and Kuller, L. H. and Newman, A. B.},
  title   = {{High blood pressure accelerates gait slowing in well-functioning older adults over 18-years of follow-up}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {2011},
  doi     = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03282.x},
  pmid    = {21391929},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03282.x}
}

@article{zahodne2019-28958051,
  author  = {Zahodne, L. B. and Sol, K. and Kraal, Z.},
  title   = {{Psychosocial Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Late-Life Memory Trajectories}},
  journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences},
  year    = {2019},
  doi     = {10.1093/geronb/gbx113},
  pmid    = {28958051},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx113}
}

@article{vega2010-19473811,
  author  = {Vega, S. and Benito-León, J. and Bermejo-Pareja, F. and Medrano, M. J. and Vega-Valderrama, L. M. and Rodríguez, C. and Louis, E. D.},
  title   = {{Several factors influenced attrition in a population-based elderly cohort: neurological disorders in Central Spain Study}},
  journal = {Journal of clinical epidemiology},
  year    = {2010},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.03.005},
  pmid    = {19473811},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.03.005}
}

@article{levine2019-30624986,
  author  = {Levine, D. A. and Galecki, A. T. and Langa, K. M. and Unverzagt, F. W. and Kabeto, M. U. and Giordani, B. and Cushman, M. and McClure, L. A. and others},
  title   = {{Blood Pressure and Cognitive Decline Over 8 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Black and White Americans}},
  journal = {Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)},
  year    = {2019},
  doi     = {10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12062},
  pmid    = {30624986},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12062}
}

@article{kaup2015-25599330,
  author  = {Kaup, A. R. and Nettiksimmons, J. and Harris, T. B. and Sink, K. M. and Satterfield, S. and Metti, A. L. and Ayonayon, H. N. and Yaffe, K. and others},
  title   = {{Cognitive resilience to apolipoprotein E ε4: contributing factors in black and white older adults}},
  journal = {JAMA neurology},
  year    = {2015},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3978},
  pmid    = {25599330},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3978}
}

@article{chen2017-28817745,
  author  = {Chen, S. P. and Bhattacharya, J. and Pershing, S.},
  title   = {{Association of Vision Loss With Cognition in Older Adults}},
  journal = {JAMA ophthalmology},
  year    = {2017},
  doi     = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838},
  pmid    = {28817745},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838}
}

@article{jobson2021-34222873,
  author  = {Jobson, D. D. and Hase, Y. and Clarkson, A. N. and Kalaria, R. N.},
  title   = {{The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia}},
  journal = {Brain communications},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1093/braincomms/fcab125},
  pmid    = {34222873},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcab125}
}

@article{gross2015-26523693,
  author  = {Gross, A. L. and Mungas, D. M. and Crane, P. K. and Gibbons, L. E. and MacKay-Brandt, A. and Manly, J. J. and Mukherjee, S. and Romero, H. and others},
  title   = {{Effects of education and race on cognitive decline: An integrative study of generalizability versus study-specific results}},
  journal = {Psychology and aging},
  year    = {2015},
  doi     = {10.1037/pag0000032},
  pmid    = {26523693},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000032}
}

@article{okumiya1996-8617907,
  author  = {Okumiya, K. and Matsubayashi, K. and Wada, T. and Kimura, S. and Doi, Y. and Ozawa, T.},
  title   = {{Effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in community-dwelling older people more than 75 years of age}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {1996},
  doi     = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01444.x},
  pmid    = {8617907},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01444.x}
}

@article{zahodne2014-25093232,
  author  = {Zahodne, L. B. and Stern, Y. and Manly, J. J.},
  title   = {{Depressive symptoms precede memory decline, but not vice versa, in non-demented older adults}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {2014},
  doi     = {10.1111/jgs.12600},
  pmid    = {25093232},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12600}
}

@article{wu2017-28082001,
  author  = {Wu, Y. T. and Prina, A. M. and Jones, A. and Matthews, F. E. and Brayne, C. and {Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Collaboration}},
  title   = {{The Built Environment and Cognitive Disorders: Results From the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II}},
  journal = {American journal of preventive medicine},
  year    = {2017},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.020},
  pmid    = {28082001},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.020}
}

@article{arvanitakis2018-28961897,
  author  = {Arvanitakis, Z. and Capuano, A. W. and Bennett, D. A. and Barnes, L. L.},
  title   = {{Body Mass Index and Decline in Cognitive Function in Older Black and White Persons}},
  journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences},
  year    = {2018},
  doi     = {10.1093/gerona/glx152},
  pmid    = {28961897},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx152}
}

@article{drew2017-28131531,
  author  = {Drew, D. A. and Weiner, D. E. and Tighiouart, H. and Duncan, S. and Gupta, A. and Scott, T. and Sarnak, M. J.},
  title   = {{Cognitive Decline and Its Risk Factors in Prevalent Hemodialysis Patients}},
  journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
  year    = {2017},
  doi     = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.11.015},
  pmid    = {28131531},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.11.015}
}

@article{mccann2018-29430638,
  author  = {McCann, A. and McNulty, H. and Rigby, J. and Hughes, C. F. and Hoey, L. and Molloy, A. M. and Cunningham, C. J. and Casey, M. C. and others},
  title   = {{Effect of Area-Level Socioeconomic Deprivation on Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {2018},
  doi     = {10.1111/jgs.15258},
  pmid    = {29430638},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15258}
}

@article{zahodne2016-27225354,
  author  = {Zahodne, L. B. and Manly, J. J. and Azar, M. and Brickman, A. M. and Glymour, M. M.},
  title   = {{Racial Disparities in Cognitive Performance in Mid- and Late Adulthood: Analyses of Two Cohort Studies}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {2016},
  doi     = {10.1111/jgs.14113},
  pmid    = {27225354},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14113}
}

@article{rosenberg2020-32811454,
  author  = {Rosenberg, D. and Walker, R. and Greenwood-Hickman, M. A. and Bellettiere, J. and Xiang, Y. and Richmire, K. and Higgins, M. and Wing, D. and others},
  title   = {{Device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior in a community-based cohort of older adults}},
  journal = {BMC public health},
  year    = {2020},
  doi     = {10.1186/s12889-020-09330-z},
  pmid    = {32811454},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09330-z}
}

@article{lal2022-35913462,
  author  = {Lal, C. and Ayappa, I. and Ayas, N. and Beaudin, A. E. and Hoyos, C. and Kushida, C. A. and Kaminska, M. and Mullins, A. and others},
  title   = {{The Link between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Neurocognitive Impairment: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report}},
  journal = {Annals of the American Thoracic Society},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.1513/annalsats.202205-380st},
  pmid    = {35913462},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.202205-380st}
}

@article{finlay2022-35926362,
  author  = {Finlay, J. and Esposito, M. and Langa, K. M. and Judd, S. and Clarke, P.},
  title   = {{Cognability: An Ecological Theory of neighborhoods and cognitive aging}},
  journal = {Social science \& medicine (1982)},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115220},
  pmid    = {35926362},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115220}
}

@article{ganguli2006-16461857,
  author  = {Ganguli, M. and Du, Y. and Dodge, H. H. and Ratcliff, G. G. and Chang, C. C.},
  title   = {{Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in late life: a prospective epidemiological study}},
  journal = {Archives of general psychiatry},
  year    = {2006},
  doi     = {10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.153},
  pmid    = {16461857},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.153}
}

@article{zahodne2014-24188113,
  author  = {Zahodne, L. B. and Schofield, P. W. and Farrell, M. T. and Stern, Y. and Manly, J. J.},
  title   = {{Bilingualism does not alter cognitive decline or dementia risk among Spanish-speaking immigrants}},
  journal = {Neuropsychology},
  year    = {2014},
  doi     = {10.1037/neu0000014},
  pmid    = {24188113},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000014}
}

@article{kulick2020-31926436,
  author  = {Kulick, E. R. and Elkind, M. S. V. and Boehme, A. K. and Joyce, N. R. and Schupf, N. and Kaufman, J. D. and Mayeux, R. and Manly, J. J. and others},
  title   = {{Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, APOE-ε4 status, and cognitive decline in a cohort of older adults in northern Manhattan}},
  journal = {Environment international},
  year    = {2020},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.envint.2019.105440},
  pmid    = {31926436},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105440}
}

@article{whetung2025-40832662,
  author  = {Whetung, Cliff and Gonzales, Ernest G.},
  title   = {{Modifiable factors associated with cognitive health trajectories among Indigenous, Hispanic, Black, and White older adults: an exploratory longitudinal panel analysis of the health and retirement study with a focus on Indigenous peoples}},
  journal = {The Lancet Regional Health - Americas},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.lana.2025.101207},
  pmid    = {40832662},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2025.101207}
}

@article{alfaroacha2006-16912105,
  author  = {Alfaro-Acha, A. and Al Snih, S. and Raji, M. A. and Kuo, Y. F. and Markides, K. S. and Ottenbacher, K. J.},
  title   = {{Handgrip strength and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans}},
  journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences},
  year    = {2006},
  doi     = {10.1093/gerona/61.8.859},
  pmid    = {16912105},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.8.859}
}

@article{noguchishinohara2014-24828424,
  author  = {Noguchi-Shinohara, M. and Yuki, S. and Dohmoto, C. and Ikeda, Y. and Samuraki, M. and Iwasa, K. and Yokogawa, M. and Asai, K. and others},
  title   = {{Consumption of green tea, but not black tea or coffee, is associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline}},
  journal = {PloS one},
  year    = {2014},
  doi     = {10.1371/journal.pone.0096013},
  pmid    = {24828424},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096013}
}

@article{muir2009-19856633,
  author  = {Muir, S. W. and Yohannes, A. M.},
  title   = {{The impact of cognitive impairment on rehabilitation outcomes in elderly patients admitted with a femoral neck fracture: a systematic review}},
  journal = {Journal of geriatric physical therapy (2001)},
  year    = {2009},
  doi     = {10.1519/00139143-200932010-00006},
  pmid    = {19856633},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200932010-00006}
}

@article{lamar2020-30882155,
  author  = {Lamar, M. and Lerner, A. J. and James, B. D. and Yu, L. and Glover, C. M. and Wilson, R. S. and Barnes, L. L.},
  title   = {{Relationship of Early-Life Residence and Educational Experience to Level and Change in Cognitive Functioning: Results of the Minority Aging Research Study}},
  journal = {The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences},
  year    = {2020},
  doi     = {10.1093/geronb/gbz031},
  pmid    = {30882155},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz031}
}

@article{kim2017-28214402,
  author  = {Kim, E. K. and Lee, S. K. and Choi, Y. H. and Tanaka, M. and Hirotsu, K. and Kim, H. C. and Lee, H. K. and Jung, Y. S. and others},
  title   = {{Relationship between chewing ability and cognitive impairment in the rural elderly}},
  journal = {Archives of gerontology and geriatrics},
  year    = {2017},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.006},
  pmid    = {28214402},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.006}
}

@article{chu2025-40538048,
  author  = {Chu, Lingzhi and Wu, Yingyan and Karjalainen, Heidi and Atherton, Olivia E.},
  title   = {{Lifespan exposures to rural–urban conditions and later‐life cognitive function}},
  journal = {Alzheimer s \& Dementia},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1002/alz.70267},
  pmid    = {40538048},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.70267}
}

@article{winchester2013-22959822,
  author  = {Winchester, J. and Dick, M. B. and Gillen, D. and Reed, B. and Miller, B. and Tinklenberg, J. and Mungas, D. and Chui, H. and others},
  title   = {{Walking stabilizes cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease (AD) across one year}},
  journal = {Archives of gerontology and geriatrics},
  year    = {2013},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.016},
  pmid    = {22959822},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.016}
}

@article{flatt2021-34337136,
  author  = {Flatt, J. D. and Cicero, E. C. and Lambrou, N. H. and Wharton, W. and Anderson, J. G. and Bouldin, E. D. and McGuire, L. C. and Taylor, C. A.},
  title   = {{Subjective cognitive decline higher among sexual and gender minorities in the United States, 2015-2018}},
  journal = {Alzheimer's \& dementia (New York, N. Y.)},
  year    = {2021},
  doi     = {10.1002/trc2.12197},
  pmid    = {34337136},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12197}
}

@article{gessert2000-11129748,
  author  = {Gessert, C. E. and Mosier, M. C. and Brown, E. F. and Frey, B.},
  title   = {{Tube feeding in nursing home residents with severe and irreversible cognitive impairment}},
  journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society},
  year    = {2000},
  doi     = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03869.x},
  pmid    = {11129748},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03869.x}
}

@article{gao2007-17272290,
  author  = {Gao, S. and Jin, Y. and Hall, K. S. and Liang, C. and Unverzagt, F. W. and Ji, R. and Murrell, JR. and Cao, J. and others},
  title   = {{Selenium level and cognitive function in rural elderly Chinese}},
  journal = {American journal of epidemiology},
  year    = {2007},
  doi     = {10.1093/aje/kwk073},
  pmid    = {17272290},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk073}
}

@article{gonzalez2019-31759880,
  author  = {González, H. M. and Tarraf, W. and Fornage, M. and González, K. A. and Chai, A. and Youngblood, M. and Abreu, M. L. A. and Zeng, D. and others},
  title   = {{A research framework for cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease among diverse US Latinos: Design and implementation of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA)}},
  journal = {Alzheimer's \& dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association},
  year    = {2019},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.192},
  pmid    = {31759880},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.192}
}

@article{liu2025-39847471,
  author  = {Liu, Mao‐Mei and Stickel, Ariana M. and Tarraf, Wassim and Li, Lehan and Perreira, Krista M. and Riosmena, Fernando and Lamar, Melissa and Testai, Fernando Daniel and others},
  title   = {{Influence of Birthplace and Age at Migration on Cognitive Aging Among Hispanic/Latino Populations in the United States: Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging}},
  journal = {The Gerontologist},
  year    = {2025},
  doi     = {10.1093/geront/gnaf009},
  pmid    = {39847471},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaf009}
}

@article{manly2002-11939693,
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