{
  "_notes": {
    "structure": "One entry per panel_country.csv column. 'year' gives the year of the value actually recorded in this file — for indicators where we took the latest available year per country, this is a range (countries differ in which year is most recent).",
    "general_caveat": "All values are 'latest available' per country as of the data pull (2026-09-21), not a single fixed reference year, unless noted otherwise. Blank cells mean the source had no value for that country — never a true zero.",
    "join_key": "iso3 (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3), sourced from the World Bank country master list."
  },
  "iso3": {
    "description": "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country/territory code",
    "unit": "code",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "World Bank Country API",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400",
    "caveat": "Join key. 217 economies as classified by the World Bank (excludes WB's regional/income aggregates like 'World' or 'OECD members'). Includes some small territories (e.g. ABW, BMU) that IHME/WHO burden sources do not separately estimate, so burden columns will be blank for those rows."
  },
  "country_name": {
    "description": "Country or territory name",
    "unit": "text",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "World Bank Country API",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400",
    "caveat": "World Bank's short name; may differ from WHO's preferred name (e.g. 'Korea, Rep.' vs 'Republic of Korea')."
  },
  "region": {
    "description": "World Bank region grouping",
    "unit": "category",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "World Bank Country API",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400",
    "caveat": "World Bank regions, not WHO regions (task allowed either). WB regions are geographic/operational, e.g. 'Europe & Central Asia' spans EU and Central Asian states together."
  },
  "income_group": {
    "description": "World Bank income classification (fiscal-year 2026 vintage)",
    "unit": "category: high/upper-middle/lower-middle/low",
    "year": "2026 classification (based mostly on 2024 GNI per capita)",
    "source_name": "World Bank Country API",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400",
    "caveat": "Reclassified annually by the World Bank; a country's group can shift year to year independent of the other economic columns' reference years."
  },
  "dementia_prevalence_pct": {
    "description": "Estimated share of population living with dementia",
    "unit": "% of population",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "NOT POPULATED",
    "source_url": "",
    "caveat": "Left empty for all countries. The only country-level source is IHME's Global Burden of Disease (GBD); the GBD Results Tool requires a login and interactive query (no anonymous bulk API), and the one mirror that republishes GBD country data (Our World in Data) explicitly blocks CSV download of this series ('non-redistributable data'). Rather than transcribe numbers from chart tooltips/PDFs (risk of transcription error / hallucination), this column was left blank. See report for what was tried."
  },
  "dementia_prevalence_count": {
    "description": "Estimated number of people living with dementia",
    "unit": "count (persons)",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "NOT POPULATED",
    "source_url": "",
    "caveat": "Same reason as dementia_prevalence_pct — GBD-only, not obtainable without a licensed/authenticated query."
  },
  "dementia_deaths_total": {
    "description": "Estimated total deaths from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, both sexes, all ages",
    "unit": "count (deaths/year)",
    "year": "latest per country, 2000-2021 (most countries: 2021)",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE) 2021 update, via Our World in Data indicator export",
    "source_url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-from-alzheimers-other-dementias ; raw values via https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/969492.data.json",
    "caveat": "GHE cause-of-death estimates are themselves modelled (redistributing ill-defined/garbage-coded deaths across causes using WHO's cause-of-death ensemble models), not raw vital registration counts, especially for countries with weak civil registration systems. Values are WHO's own modelled estimates (GHE), distinct from and generally close to but not identical to IHME/GBD's dementia mortality estimates."
  },
  "dementia_deaths_per_100k_age_std": {
    "description": "Death rate from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, both sexes",
    "unit": "deaths per 100,000 population",
    "year": "latest per country, 2000-2021 (most countries: 2021)",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE) 2021 update, via Our World in Data indicator export",
    "source_url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-from-alzheimers-other-dementias-ghe ; raw values via https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/969491.data.json",
    "caveat": "IMPORTANT: despite the column name (kept for schema consistency with the task spec), this is WHO GHE's crude, all-ages death rate ('age_group_allages' in the source's own variable short-name), NOT age-standardized. It is therefore NOT safe to compare directly across countries with very different age structures without also controlling for pct_65plus/median_age in your regression — an older country will show a mechanically higher crude dementia death rate even with identical age-specific risk. True age-standardized GBD dementia mortality exists but sits behind the same IHME access wall described above."
  },
  "dementia_daly_per_100k": {
    "description": "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, both sexes, all ages",
    "unit": "DALYs per 100,000 population",
    "year": "latest per country, 2000-2021 (most countries: 2021)",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE) 2021 update, via Our World in Data indicator export",
    "source_url": "https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/969489.data.json",
    "caveat": "Modelled estimate (see dementia_deaths_total caveat). Crude/all-ages, not age-standardized. DALYs = years of life lost to premature death (YLL) + years lived with disability (YLD); for dementia the YLD component dominates and rests on modelled disease-severity distributions, adding another layer of estimation uncertainty beyond the mortality data alone."
  },
  "dementia_incidence_per_100k": {
    "description": "New dementia cases per 100,000 population per year",
    "unit": "cases per 100,000/year",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "NOT POPULATED",
    "source_url": "",
    "caveat": "GBD-only metric, same access restriction as prevalence. WHO GHE does not publish incidence (only mortality/DALY/YLL/YLD)."
  },
  "population_total": {
    "description": "Total population, all ages",
    "unit": "count (persons)",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank (UN World Population Prospects-derived)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Midyear estimates; WB's most recent year is typically a projection carried from UN WPP revisions."
  },
  "population_65plus": {
    "description": "Population aged 65 and above, total",
    "unit": "count (persons)",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Same vintage/estimation basis as population_total."
  },
  "pct_65plus": {
    "description": "Population aged 65+ as % of total population",
    "unit": "% of total population",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Directly derivable from population_65plus / population_total; included pre-computed as provided by WB."
  },
  "pct_urban": {
    "description": "Urban population as % of total population",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "National definitions of 'urban' vary by country and are not harmonized by WB."
  },
  "life_expectancy": {
    "description": "Life expectancy at birth, total population",
    "unit": "years",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "fertility_rate": {
    "description": "Total fertility rate (births per woman)",
    "unit": "births per woman",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "median_age": {
    "description": "Median age of population",
    "unit": "years",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "NOT POPULATED",
    "source_url": "",
    "caveat": "UN World Population Prospects has this (indicator id 67 in the UN Population Division Data Portal API) but the data endpoint (population.un.org/dataportalapi) returned HTTP 401 'Bearer' auth-required for actual data queries (only the indicator metadata list is open, not the values) at the time of this pull. World Bank does not publish population median age. pct_65plus and fertility_rate can serve as partial proxies for age-structure in regressions."
  },
  "population_growth_pct": {
    "description": "Annual population growth rate",
    "unit": "% per year",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "gdp_per_capita_usd": {
    "description": "GDP per capita, current US$",
    "unit": "current US$",
    "year": "latest per country, 2011-2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Current (nominal) USD, not PPP-adjusted — cross-country comparisons of purchasing power will understate low-income-country living standards relative to a PPP series. A few countries (e.g. Venezuela) are stuck at an older year because WB suspended recent estimates."
  },
  "gdp_total_usd": {
    "description": "GDP, current US$",
    "unit": "current US$",
    "year": "latest per country, 2011-2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Same as gdp_per_capita_usd."
  },
  "health_spend_pct_gdp": {
    "description": "Current health expenditure as % of GDP",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, 2021-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank / WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000 (fallback: https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/GHED_CHEGDP_SHA2011)",
    "caveat": "WB's CHEX series is itself sourced from WHO GHED, so the WB and GHO routes are not independent; used WB as primary with GHO as fallback for countries WB was missing. Lags ~2 years behind present."
  },
  "health_spend_per_capita_usd": {
    "description": "Current health expenditure per capita, US$",
    "unit": "current US$",
    "year": "latest per country, 2020-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank / WHO GHED",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.PC.CD?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Same lineage note as health_spend_pct_gdp."
  },
  "out_of_pocket_pct_health": {
    "description": "Out-of-pocket health expenditure as % of current health expenditure",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, 2021-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank / WHO GHED",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Same lineage note as health_spend_pct_gdp."
  },
  "gini": {
    "description": "Gini index of income inequality",
    "unit": "index, 0-100",
    "year": "latest per country, 1992-2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank (mostly PovcalNet/household survey based)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Survey-dependent and irregularly updated — 'latest' year varies enormously by country (some countries' latest available Gini is over a decade old), so cross-country comparability is weaker than for annually-updated series. Lowest coverage of the economic block (171/217)."
  },
  "unemployment_pct": {
    "description": "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force, modeled ILO estimate)",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, 2021-2025",
    "source_name": "World Bank (ILO modeled estimates)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "ILO-modeled, not all raw national LFS figures."
  },
  "physicians_per_1000": {
    "description": "Physicians per 1,000 people",
    "unit": "per 1,000 population",
    "year": "latest per country, 1980-2023",
    "source_name": "World Bank (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Reporting years vary widely by country; some 'latest' values are quite old."
  },
  "nurses_per_1000": {
    "description": "Nurses and midwives per 1,000 people",
    "unit": "per 1,000 population",
    "year": "latest per country, 2014-2023",
    "source_name": "World Bank (WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material beyond reporting-year variability."
  },
  "hospital_beds_per_1000": {
    "description": "Hospital beds per 1,000 people",
    "unit": "per 1,000 population",
    "year": "latest per country, 1970-2023",
    "source_name": "World Bank",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Definitions of 'hospital bed' (acute vs. all) vary by country/reporting system."
  },
  "pct_health_spend_public": {
    "description": "Domestic general government health expenditure as % of current health expenditure",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, 2021-2023",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/GHED_GGHE-DCHE_SHA2011",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "uhc_service_coverage_index": {
    "description": "UHC Service Coverage Index (SDG indicator 3.8.1)",
    "unit": "index, 0-100",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2023",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/UHC_INDEX_REPORTED",
    "caveat": "Composite index built from 14 tracer indicators (itself model-based); a summary proxy for health-system reach, not a raw physical count."
  },
  "measles_immunization_pct": {
    "description": "Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2023-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank / WHO-UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.IMM.MEAS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "Used here only as the task-specified generic health-system-strength proxy; not causally related to dementia."
  },
  "pct_diabetes": {
    "description": "Prevalence of diabetes among adults, age-standardized",
    "unit": "% of adults",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2022",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (NCD-RisC)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/NCD_DIABETES_PREVALENCE_AGESTD",
    "caveat": "Both sexes, age-standardized, NCD-RisC modeled estimate (survey data smoothed/interpolated across countries and years, not a raw national survey figure for every country)."
  },
  "pct_obesity": {
    "description": "Obesity among adults, BMI >= 30, age-standardized",
    "unit": "% of adults 18+",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2024",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (NCD-RisC)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/NCD_BMI_30A",
    "caveat": "NCD-RisC modeled estimate, both sexes, age-standardized."
  },
  "pct_hypertension": {
    "description": "Hypertension among adults 30-79, prevalence, age-standardized",
    "unit": "% of adults 30-79",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2019",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (NCD-RisC)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/NCD_HYP_PREVALENCE_A",
    "caveat": "NCD-RisC modeled estimate, both sexes. Note narrower age band (30-79) than the diabetes/obesity/smoking series (18+/15+), so not perfectly comparable across risk-factor columns."
  },
  "pct_smoking": {
    "description": "Current tobacco smoking prevalence, age-standardized",
    "unit": "% of population",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2024",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (WHO tobacco trends estimates)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/M_Est_smk_curr_std",
    "caveat": "Both sexes. The same underlying WHO series also publishes 2025 and 2030 rows that are forward SDG-target projections, not observed/nowcast data — those years were deliberately excluded from both this panel value and timeseries_country.csv so no projected figures leak into 'latest available'."
  },
  "pct_physical_inactivity": {
    "description": "Prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults 18+",
    "unit": "% of adults 18+",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2022",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/NCD_PAA",
    "caveat": "Age-standardized, both sexes; survey-based, self-reported activity, modeled to fill country/year gaps."
  },
  "pct_alcohol_use_disorder": {
    "description": "12-month prevalence of alcohol use disorders, age 15+",
    "unit": "% of population 15+",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2016",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/SA_0000001462",
    "caveat": "Both sexes. Oldest risk-factor vintage in the panel (2016) — WHO has not refreshed this series since the 2018 alcohol report; treat as a slower-moving structural variable, not current-year."
  },
  "mean_bmi": {
    "description": "Mean BMI, age-standardized",
    "unit": "kg/m^2",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2016",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (NCD-RisC)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/NCD_BMI_MEAN",
    "caveat": "Both sexes, adults 18+."
  },
  "pct_air_pollution_exposure": {
    "description": "Population exposed to PM2.5 levels exceeding the WHO guideline value",
    "unit": "% of total population",
    "year": "2017 for all countries (single global vintage)",
    "source_name": "World Bank (based on satellite-derived PM2.5 modeling, Brauer et al./Global Burden of Disease-adjacent methodology but published directly by WB, not IHME)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "This WB series was not updated after 2017 at the time of this pull — every country's value is from the same year, so it carries no over-time variation and should be treated as a fixed structural exposure proxy, not a current reading. Use pm25_avg_ugm3 (WHO, 2023) for a more current concentration measure."
  },
  "education_years_mean": {
    "description": "Average years of total schooling, population age 15+",
    "unit": "years",
    "year": "2010 for all countries (Barro-Lee dataset last release)",
    "source_name": "World Bank, mirroring the Barro-Lee Educational Attainment dataset",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/BAR.SCHL.15UP?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "The Barro-Lee project's most recent release only covers up to 2010, and it stopped estimating for many smaller economies. Coverage is lowest of the panel's society block (144/217) and, like pct_air_pollution_exposure, has zero within-panel time variation (single global vintage)."
  },
  "literacy_rate": {
    "description": "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15+)",
    "unit": "%",
    "year": "latest per country, 1970-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank (UNESCO Institute for Statistics)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "High-income countries frequently do not report (assumed ~universal, so WB leaves them blank) — treat missing as 'not reported', not 'illiterate'/zero. 170/217 coverage."
  },
  "social_support_index": {
    "description": "Perceived social support (Gallup World Poll 'someone to count on' measure, as used in the World Happiness Report)",
    "unit": "index, 0-1",
    "year": "n/a",
    "source_name": "NOT POPULATED",
    "source_url": "",
    "caveat": "The authoritative source (worldhappiness.report's 'Data for Table 2.1' workbook) was not fetched — only unverified third-party GitHub re-postings of past years' WHR tables were found via search, and per the sourcing rules these were not used since their vintage/accuracy could not be confirmed against the primary workbook. Left blank rather than risk a stale or mistyped figure."
  },
  "dementia_plan_exists": {
    "description": "Country has a national dementia plan/strategy (self-reported)",
    "unit": "1/0",
    "year": "2017 (WHO Global Dementia Observatory baseline survey wave)",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Dementia Observatory (GDO)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/GDO_q2x1",
    "caveat": "GDO is a voluntary member-state self-report survey; only 61 of 217 countries have ever submitted a response to this question (51 with a clear Yes/No — the rest were 'Under development' and left blank here as neither 1 nor 0). Non-response does not mean no plan exists — it means the country hasn't reported into GDO. A later GDO survey wave may exist but was not found accessible via this API pull; treat this as a 2017 snapshot, not current status."
  },
  "dementia_plan_year": {
    "description": "Year of the GDO survey response used for dementia_plan_exists",
    "unit": "year",
    "year": "2017",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Dementia Observatory (GDO)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/GDO_q2x1",
    "caveat": "This is the survey response year (2017), not necessarily the year the national plan was adopted — GDO does not separately publish plan-adoption year via this API endpoint."
  },
  "pm25_avg_ugm3": {
    "description": "Population-weighted mean annual PM2.5 concentration",
    "unit": "micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3)",
    "year": "latest per country, mostly 2023",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Observatory (WHO Ambient Air Quality Database)",
    "source_url": "https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/SDGPM25",
    "caveat": "Filtered to RESIDENCEAREATYPE = total; combines ground-monitor and satellite/model-derived estimates depending on country monitoring capacity."
  },
  "pct_safe_water_access": {
    "description": "People using at least basic drinking water services",
    "unit": "% of population",
    "year": "latest per country, 2016-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "pct_sanitation_access": {
    "description": "People using at least basic sanitation services",
    "unit": "% of population",
    "year": "latest per country, 2015-2024",
    "source_name": "World Bank (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)",
    "source_url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?format=json&per_page=20000",
    "caveat": "None material."
  },
  "dementia_daly_count": {
    "description": "Total DALYs from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, both sexes, all ages (extra column, not in the required spec, kept because it is the natural companion to dementia_daly_per_100k)",
    "unit": "count (DALYs/year)",
    "year": "latest per country, 2000-2021 (most countries: 2021)",
    "source_name": "WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE) 2021 update, via Our World in Data indicator export",
    "source_url": "https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/969490.data.json",
    "caveat": "Same modelled-estimate caveat as dementia_daly_per_100k."
  }
}